Question | Answer |
the study of joints | athrology |
synarthroses joints, example | immovable, sutures |
amphiarthroses joints, example | slightly movable, vertabre |
diarthroses, example | freely movable, shoulder, hip & knee |
structural classification is based on | the material that binds the bones together & on presence or absence of the joint cavity |
what are the types of joints | fibrous (sutures), carilaginous (disc of fibrocartalige), synovial (freely movable) |
what type of joint has a cavity | synovial |
ends of opposing bones are covered with hyaline cartilage to absorb compression | articular cartilage |
this is unique to synovial joints | joint cavity (synovial cavity), holds a small amount of fluid |
joint capsule (articular capsule) has ______ | 2 layers |
fibrous capsule is | outer layer of fibrous capsule, dense irregular connective tissue that strengthens the joint |
inner layer is | synovial membrane, loose connective tissue that lines joint capsule & covers internal joint surfaces |
what is the function of the inner layer | make synovial fluid |
what is synovial fluid | viscous fluid similar to raw egg white, filtrate of blood, contains glycoprotein molecules |
purpose of synovial joints | reinforcing ligaments |
synovial joints are richly or poorly supplied with nerves & vessels? | richly |
most of the blood is supplied to | the synovial membrane |
some synovial joints contain | an articular disc, such as the knee joint, bones with a somewhat different shape |
Bursae & tendon sheaths are synovial joints, T/F | false |
described as a closed bag of lubricant to reduce friction | bursae & tendon sheaths |
bursa | flattened fibrous sac lined by a synovial membrane |
tendon sheath | elongated bursa that wraps around a tendon |
the only places articular surfaces play a major role in joint stability | elbow, knee, hip |
the more ______ in a joint, the stronger it is, generally dense regular connective tissue, attches bone to bone | ligaments |
what is the most important factor in joint stability, keeps tension on muscle tendons | muscle tone |
gliding | flat surfaces of 2 bones slip across each other (carpals, tarsals, articular processes of vertebrae) |
flexion | decrease the angle between 2 bones (flexing a bicept) |
extension | increase the angle between bones (extending/straightening the arm) |
abduction | moving a limb away from the body (spreading the fingers) |
adduction | moving a limb toward the midline (bring the arm back to your side) |
circumduction | moving a limb or finger so that it describes a cone in space (involves flexion, extension, abduction & adduction) |
medial rotation | rotating the forearm posteriorly (palm faces posteriorly) |
lateral rotation | rotating the forearm anteriorly (palm faces anteriorly) |
supination | forearm rotates laterally (palm faces anteriorly) |
pronation | forearm rotates medially (palm faces posteriorly) |
dorsiflexion | lifting the foot so its superior surface approaches the shin |
plantar flexion | depressing the foot (pointing the toes) |
inversion | turning the sole medially (inward) |
eversion | turning the sole laterally (outward) |
protraction | nonangular movement of jetting out the jaw |
retraction | nonangular movement of pulling back the jaw |
elevation | lifting the body superiorly (closing the mouth) |
depression | moving the elevated part inferiorly (opening the mouth) |
opposition | movement of the thumb to touch the tips of other fingers on the same hand (opposable thumbs) |
shoulder & hip joints are | ball-n-socket joints |
elbow & knee joints are | hinge joints |
study of muscle | myology |
types of muscle tissue | skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, cardiac muscle |
muscle that is attached to the skeleton | skeletal muscle |
function of smooth muscle | squeeze fluids & other substances through hollow organs |
type of muscle that propels blood through the circulatory system | cardiac muscle |
functions of muscle tissues | movement, maintenance of posture, joint stabilizaiton, heat generation |
functional features of muscle tissue | contractability, excitabililty, extensibility, elasticity |
long cells shorten & generate pulling force | contractability |
electrical nerve impulse stimulates the muscle cell to contract | excitability |
can be stretched back to its original length by contraction of an opposing muscle | extensibility |
can recoil after being stretched | elasticity |
skeletal muscle tissue (fibers) are voluntary or involuntary, striated or non-striated | voluntary, striated |
cardiac muscle tissue is voluntary or involentary, striated or non-striated | involuntary, striated |
smooth muscle tissue ia voluntary or involentary, striated or non-striated | involuntary, non-striated |
what are the 3 types of connective tissue sheaths for skeletal muscle tissue | epimysium, perimysium, endomysium |
which sheath covers an individual nerve | endomysium |
perimysium makes a | bundle |
which sheath covers a whole bunch of nerves | epimysium |
the less moveable part of muscle attchment | origin |
the more moveable part of the muscle attchment | insertion |
insertion is ____ ______ the orgin | pulled toward |
direct attachments have long or short strands | short |
indirect attachments have long or short strands | long |
tendons are ______ and connect _________ | rope-like, muscle to bone |
aponeurosis are _______ | flat sheets |
ligaments connect | bone to bone |
"muscle of surprise" that raises the eyebrows, forms transverse furrows on the forehead | frontalis |
origin and insertion of the frontalis | galea aponeurotica, sking of eyebrows & root of the nose |
origin and insertion of occipitalis and what does it do | occipital bone, galea aponeurtica, draws scalp back |
sphincter muscle that encirbles and closes the eye also forms optic facial sulci or "crows feet" | orbicularis oculi |
sphincter muscle that encircles the mouth and closes the lips | orbicularis oris |
"laughing muscle" that raises lateral corners of the mouth upward | zygomaticus major |
"smiling muscle" that raises lateral corner of the mouth upward, also lateral head of the quadratus labii superioris | zygomaticus minor |
"snarling muscle" that raises the angle of the mouth | levator anguli oris |
"triangularis" that draws the angle of the mouth down | depressor anguli oris |
"false smiling muscle" that draws the angle of the mouth backward | risorius |
muscle that raises the upper eyelid | levator palpebrae superioris |
"trumpeter's" or "bugler's muscle" that compresses the cheek | buccinator |
"frowning muscle" that draws eyebrows down & in and forms vertical interciliary sulci | corrugator |
draws skin of the forehead down & forms transverse interciliary sulci | procerus |
raises the upper lip & is the intermediate head of the quadratus labii superioris | levator labii superioris |
"common elevator" that diates nostril & raises the upper lip and is the medial head of the quadratus labii superioris | levator labii superioris alaeque nasi |
"quadratus" that draws the lower lip down | depressor labii inferioris |
protrudes the lower lip, wrinkles the chin | mentalis |
"muslce of mastication" strongest chewing muscle, that closes the jaw | temporalis |
origin and insertion of the temporalis | temporal bone (temporal fossa), mandible (coronoid process) |
"muscle of mastication" chewing muscle that closes the jaw | masseter |
"SCM" rotates & flexes the head | sternocleidomastoid |
"shock & horror muscle" that orginiates at the clavicle & pectoralis and inserts at the mandible | platysma |
elevates the hyoid bone and has an anterior & posterior belly | digasticus |
depresses the hyoid and has an inferior & superoir belly | omohyoid |
lateral & medial chewing muscles that aid in side-to-side (grinding) movements | pterygoid muscles |
muscles that have opposing actions | antagonistic |
synergistic muscles work together or against one another | together to perform the same action |
pectoralis major | muscle of the chest; anterior thorax, fan-shaped conberges & inserts on the humerus; arm adduction |
external intercostals | between the ribs; elevates the ribs in breathing (increases thoracic capacity) |
internal intercostals | between the ribs; depresses the ribs in breathing (decreases thoracic capacity) |
diaphragm | phrenic muscle; originates at the sternum, ribs & bertebrae, insterts at the central tendon; increases thoracic capacity |
3 opening in the diaphram | vena cava, aorta, esophagus |
trapezius dorsi | lower back muscle; extends, adducts & rotates the humerus |
ructus abdominus | anteromedial abdominal/horizontal tendious intersections; flexes the truck; linea alba |
external obliques | MOST SUPERFICIAL of anterolateral abdominal muscles; inserts at linea alba; action: compresses the abdomen |
internal obliques | INTERMEDIATE anterloateral abdominal muscles; inserts at linea alba; action: compresses the abdomen |
transversus abdomius | DEEPEST anterolateral abdominal muscles; inserts at linea alba; action: compresses the abdomen |
psoas major | POSTERIOR abdominal wall muscle; action: flexes the thigh |