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Worsham Anatomy Q2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| the study of joints | athrology |
| synarthroses joints, example | immovable, sutures |
| amphiarthroses joints, example | slightly movable, vertabre |
| diarthroses, example | freely movable, shoulder, hip & knee |
| structural classification is based on | the material that binds the bones together & on presence or absence of the joint cavity |
| what are the types of joints | fibrous (sutures), carilaginous (disc of fibrocartalige), synovial (freely movable) |
| what type of joint has a cavity | synovial |
| ends of opposing bones are covered with hyaline cartilage to absorb compression | articular cartilage |
| this is unique to synovial joints | joint cavity (synovial cavity), holds a small amount of fluid |
| joint capsule (articular capsule) has ______ | 2 layers |
| fibrous capsule is | outer layer of fibrous capsule, dense irregular connective tissue that strengthens the joint |
| inner layer is | synovial membrane, loose connective tissue that lines joint capsule & covers internal joint surfaces |
| what is the function of the inner layer | make synovial fluid |
| what is synovial fluid | viscous fluid similar to raw egg white, filtrate of blood, contains glycoprotein molecules |
| purpose of synovial joints | reinforcing ligaments |
| synovial joints are richly or poorly supplied with nerves & vessels? | richly |
| most of the blood is supplied to | the synovial membrane |
| some synovial joints contain | an articular disc, such as the knee joint, bones with a somewhat different shape |
| Bursae & tendon sheaths are synovial joints, T/F | false |
| described as a closed bag of lubricant to reduce friction | bursae & tendon sheaths |
| bursa | flattened fibrous sac lined by a synovial membrane |
| tendon sheath | elongated bursa that wraps around a tendon |
| the only places articular surfaces play a major role in joint stability | elbow, knee, hip |
| the more ______ in a joint, the stronger it is, generally dense regular connective tissue, attches bone to bone | ligaments |
| what is the most important factor in joint stability, keeps tension on muscle tendons | muscle tone |
| gliding | flat surfaces of 2 bones slip across each other (carpals, tarsals, articular processes of vertebrae) |
| flexion | decrease the angle between 2 bones (flexing a bicept) |
| extension | increase the angle between bones (extending/straightening the arm) |
| abduction | moving a limb away from the body (spreading the fingers) |
| adduction | moving a limb toward the midline (bring the arm back to your side) |
| circumduction | moving a limb or finger so that it describes a cone in space (involves flexion, extension, abduction & adduction) |
| medial rotation | rotating the forearm posteriorly (palm faces posteriorly) |
| lateral rotation | rotating the forearm anteriorly (palm faces anteriorly) |
| supination | forearm rotates laterally (palm faces anteriorly) |
| pronation | forearm rotates medially (palm faces posteriorly) |
| dorsiflexion | lifting the foot so its superior surface approaches the shin |
| plantar flexion | depressing the foot (pointing the toes) |
| inversion | turning the sole medially (inward) |
| eversion | turning the sole laterally (outward) |
| protraction | nonangular movement of jetting out the jaw |
| retraction | nonangular movement of pulling back the jaw |
| elevation | lifting the body superiorly (closing the mouth) |
| depression | moving the elevated part inferiorly (opening the mouth) |
| opposition | movement of the thumb to touch the tips of other fingers on the same hand (opposable thumbs) |
| shoulder & hip joints are | ball-n-socket joints |
| elbow & knee joints are | hinge joints |
| study of muscle | myology |
| types of muscle tissue | skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, cardiac muscle |
| muscle that is attached to the skeleton | skeletal muscle |
| function of smooth muscle | squeeze fluids & other substances through hollow organs |
| type of muscle that propels blood through the circulatory system | cardiac muscle |
| functions of muscle tissues | movement, maintenance of posture, joint stabilizaiton, heat generation |
| functional features of muscle tissue | contractability, excitabililty, extensibility, elasticity |
| long cells shorten & generate pulling force | contractability |
| electrical nerve impulse stimulates the muscle cell to contract | excitability |
| can be stretched back to its original length by contraction of an opposing muscle | extensibility |
| can recoil after being stretched | elasticity |
| skeletal muscle tissue (fibers) are voluntary or involuntary, striated or non-striated | voluntary, striated |
| cardiac muscle tissue is voluntary or involentary, striated or non-striated | involuntary, striated |
| smooth muscle tissue ia voluntary or involentary, striated or non-striated | involuntary, non-striated |
| what are the 3 types of connective tissue sheaths for skeletal muscle tissue | epimysium, perimysium, endomysium |
| which sheath covers an individual nerve | endomysium |
| perimysium makes a | bundle |
| which sheath covers a whole bunch of nerves | epimysium |
| the less moveable part of muscle attchment | origin |
| the more moveable part of the muscle attchment | insertion |
| insertion is ____ ______ the orgin | pulled toward |
| direct attachments have long or short strands | short |
| indirect attachments have long or short strands | long |
| tendons are ______ and connect _________ | rope-like, muscle to bone |
| aponeurosis are _______ | flat sheets |
| ligaments connect | bone to bone |
| "muscle of surprise" that raises the eyebrows, forms transverse furrows on the forehead | frontalis |
| origin and insertion of the frontalis | galea aponeurotica, sking of eyebrows & root of the nose |
| origin and insertion of occipitalis and what does it do | occipital bone, galea aponeurtica, draws scalp back |
| sphincter muscle that encirbles and closes the eye also forms optic facial sulci or "crows feet" | orbicularis oculi |
| sphincter muscle that encircles the mouth and closes the lips | orbicularis oris |
| "laughing muscle" that raises lateral corners of the mouth upward | zygomaticus major |
| "smiling muscle" that raises lateral corner of the mouth upward, also lateral head of the quadratus labii superioris | zygomaticus minor |
| "snarling muscle" that raises the angle of the mouth | levator anguli oris |
| "triangularis" that draws the angle of the mouth down | depressor anguli oris |
| "false smiling muscle" that draws the angle of the mouth backward | risorius |
| muscle that raises the upper eyelid | levator palpebrae superioris |
| "trumpeter's" or "bugler's muscle" that compresses the cheek | buccinator |
| "frowning muscle" that draws eyebrows down & in and forms vertical interciliary sulci | corrugator |
| draws skin of the forehead down & forms transverse interciliary sulci | procerus |
| raises the upper lip & is the intermediate head of the quadratus labii superioris | levator labii superioris |
| "common elevator" that diates nostril & raises the upper lip and is the medial head of the quadratus labii superioris | levator labii superioris alaeque nasi |
| "quadratus" that draws the lower lip down | depressor labii inferioris |
| protrudes the lower lip, wrinkles the chin | mentalis |
| "muslce of mastication" strongest chewing muscle, that closes the jaw | temporalis |
| origin and insertion of the temporalis | temporal bone (temporal fossa), mandible (coronoid process) |
| "muscle of mastication" chewing muscle that closes the jaw | masseter |
| "SCM" rotates & flexes the head | sternocleidomastoid |
| "shock & horror muscle" that orginiates at the clavicle & pectoralis and inserts at the mandible | platysma |
| elevates the hyoid bone and has an anterior & posterior belly | digasticus |
| depresses the hyoid and has an inferior & superoir belly | omohyoid |
| lateral & medial chewing muscles that aid in side-to-side (grinding) movements | pterygoid muscles |
| muscles that have opposing actions | antagonistic |
| synergistic muscles work together or against one another | together to perform the same action |
| pectoralis major | muscle of the chest; anterior thorax, fan-shaped conberges & inserts on the humerus; arm adduction |
| external intercostals | between the ribs; elevates the ribs in breathing (increases thoracic capacity) |
| internal intercostals | between the ribs; depresses the ribs in breathing (decreases thoracic capacity) |
| diaphragm | phrenic muscle; originates at the sternum, ribs & bertebrae, insterts at the central tendon; increases thoracic capacity |
| 3 opening in the diaphram | vena cava, aorta, esophagus |
| trapezius dorsi | lower back muscle; extends, adducts & rotates the humerus |
| ructus abdominus | anteromedial abdominal/horizontal tendious intersections; flexes the truck; linea alba |
| external obliques | MOST SUPERFICIAL of anterolateral abdominal muscles; inserts at linea alba; action: compresses the abdomen |
| internal obliques | INTERMEDIATE anterloateral abdominal muscles; inserts at linea alba; action: compresses the abdomen |
| transversus abdomius | DEEPEST anterolateral abdominal muscles; inserts at linea alba; action: compresses the abdomen |
| psoas major | POSTERIOR abdominal wall muscle; action: flexes the thigh |
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