Question | Answer |
Amount of blood leaving the ventricle with each contraction | Stove Volume |
What is the normal stroke volume | 60 to 100 ml/beat |
The amount of blood leaving the left ventricle per minute | CO=HR X SV |
Low CO | bradycardia, hypotension, MI, dysrhytmias, electrolyte imbalances, fluid overload |
High CO | tachycardia, hyperthyroidism, exercise, stress |
Normal CO | 4 to 8L |
Cardiac Index | CI= CO/BSA
Normal is 2.4 to 4 L |
Ejection Fraction | The percentage of blood ejected with each heart beat
Normal is 65%
Less than 35% serious ventricular failure |
Contractility | Force generated by the myocardium
Normal is 10 to 12
greater than 12 HF |
Positive inotropes | Increase contractility
catecholamines, SNS, Dopamine, Dobutamine, Epinephrine, Norephinephrine |
Negative inotropes | Acidosis, hypoxemia, alcohol, beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, barbituates |
CVP | Reflects pressure in the vena cava and right atrium
Normal is 2 to 8 mmHg
Direct measure
Preload |
Low CVP | hypovolemia, sepsis, diuresis, hemorrhage |
High CVP | cardiac tampanode, pulmonary HTN, renal failure, hypervolemia, fluid resuscitation |
LVEDP | Preload
Volume of blood in the left ventricle at the end of diastole
Normal 6 to 12 |
High LVEDP | IV failure, myocardial ischemia, constrictive pericarditis, cardiac tampanode, MV disease, fluid volume overload |
Low LVEDP | Fluid volume deficit, shock states, vasodilating medications |
SVR | (MAP-CVP)X80/CO
Normal is 800 to 1200 |
High SVR | constriction, hypovolemia, valve disorders, hypothermia, decreased contractility |
Low SVR | hyperthermia, vasodilation, drug therapy |
The distal port wave form in the pulmonary artery looks like what other waveform? | Arterial wave form with a dicrotic notch |
What does a dicrotic notch indicate | End of systole and beginning of diastole |