Question | Answer |
VTA + nucleus accumbens = | reward pathway |
first area of projection of reward pathway | prefrontal cortex (ie - judgement) |
drugs that alter perception w/o causing sensation of reward/euphoria | non-addictive drugs of abuse |
ex's of non-addictive drugs of abuse | PCP?, LSD, ketamine |
activated 5HT receptors in PFC | LSD |
inhibit NMDA | PCP and ketamine |
most commonly abused opioids | morphine, heroin, coedine, oxycodone |
location of u opiod receptors | GABA neurons |
location of k opiod receptors | DA neurons |
opioid w/o severe withdrawl symptoms | codeine |
opioid receptor that induces euphoria | u receptor |
reverses effects of heroin and morphine | naloxone |
long term heroin recovery treatment | methadone |
synthetic analog of THC | dronabinol |
MOA of THC | inhibits presynaptic GABA neurons in the VTA |
withdrawl symtoms of THC | restlessness, irritability, agitation, insomnia, nausea, cramping |
GHB MOA | agonist at GABAb |
common use of GHB | date-rape drug? |
time of maximal concentration of GHB | 30-60 min |
no addiction or dependence, but repetitive exposure leads to tolerance | hallucinogens |
withdrawl symptoms of nicotine | irritability and sleeplessness |
2 drugs to help with smoking cessation | buprioprion, varenicline |
BZs MOA | activates GABAa |
dependence of alcohol evident within | 6-12 hrs of cessation of drinking |
withdrawal sx of alcohol (6-12 hrs) | tremor, N/V, anxiety, agitation, sweating |
withdrawal sx of alcohol (24-48 hrs) | generalized seizures |
withdrawal sx of alcohol (48-71 hrs) | DTs (hallucinations, disorientation, etc) |
receptors affected by alcohol | GABAa, NMDA, 5HT-3, adenosine reuptake |
disulfiram MOA | inhibits acetaldehyde dehydrogenase, causing N/V & dysphoria |
can lead to out-of-body &/or near-death experiences | PCP , ketamine |
recreational inhalants | benzene, toluene, NO |
cocaine hydrochloride | injected/snorted |
crack cocaine | free base form of cocaine, can be smoked |
PNS MOA of cocaine | inhibits voltage gated Na+ channels |
CNS MOA of cocaine | blocks DA reuptake, NE, and 5HT |
MDMA | ectasy |
fosters feelings of intimacy and empathy w/o impairing intellect | MDMA |
concerns with MDMA use | hyperthermia, dehydration, water intoxication, 5HT syndrome |
withdrawl sx of MDMA | depression |
MOA of salvia divinorum | k opiod agonist |
major sx of salvia divinorum use | uncontrollable laughter, elevated mood, introspection |
amphetamine/methamphetamine MOA | block NT uptake into vesicles and reduce NT release |
excess NT in the cytoplasm causes | reversal of transporter, and subsequent release of NT into synapse |
withdrawl sx of amphetamines | dysphoria, drowsiness, insomnia, irritability |
method of administration of amphetamines | initially pill form, can be smoked; heavy users may inject |
MOA of MDMA | binds to 5HT transporter |
bath salts usually contain | MDPV and/or mephedrone |