| Question | Answer |
| Microvilli | - tiny projections that absorb nutrients,
- also have membrane junctions |
| Plasma membrane (cell) | Selects what goes in and out (all Have this) |
| Fluid Mosaic Model
(Plasma Membrane) | - Phospho-lipids (cushioning insulation)
- Proteins (growth and repair)
**** Both are double layered**** |
| Phospho-lipids | cushioning insulation |
| what do proteins do? | growth and repair |
| semi-permeable | Allows only certain substances in and out |
| simple diffusion | higher concentration to lower concentration |
| Osmosis | diffusion of H2O |
| Facilitated diffusion | carrier molecules speed up diffusion rate |
| Filtration example | kidneys |
| Active Transport | cell uses energy (lower to higher)
** pulling in or out for the needs of the cell |
| Active Transport - example | Arsenic - to keep out of cells |
| Active Processes | move against a concentration gradient |
| Bulk transport | Exo-cytosis - large particles leave the cell |
| Exo-cytosis | Moves large particles out of the cell |
| Endo-cytosis | Substance entering the cell
1. Phagocytosis
2. Pinocytosis |
| Phago-cytosis | engulfs large solids -
(and is called cell eating) |
| Pino-cytosis | engulfs large liquids
(cell drinking) |
| 2 types of Endo-cytosis | 1. Phago-cytosis
2. Pino-cytosis |
| What is Cyto-plasm | - jelly like material in cells (like egg white)
- (70%)H2O - (30%)proteins,lipids, minerals |
| What is Mito-chondria | "powerhouse"
"cellular respiration"
"makes energy" (ATP) |
| Ribosomes | Makes Protein Synthesis
*** "the little dots" |
| Endoplasmic Reticulum | - Transport system of proteins and lipids
- Rough ER & Smooth ER |
| ATP Cycle | Break ATP Bond and Rebuild |
| Golgi Apparatus | Package and store proteins,lipids,carbs |
| Lysosomes | Digestive organelles -
(devour bad stuff) |
| Vacuoles | Storage Organelles |
| Cyto-skeletal | Supports cell, protein filaments |
| Centrioles - **Animal Cells ONLY" | **animal cells ONLY"
-Cell division (cylinders) |
| What is the Nucleus | the control center |
| Nucleolus (Ncleoli-Plural) | makes ribosomes & RNA |
| Chromatin | All of your Chromosomes
- 46 per cell
- DNA -heredity (code of life)
- thread like |
| Cell Life cycle | 1-Inter-phase
(Mitosis)
2-Pro-phase
-Meta-phase
3-Ana-phase
4-Tele-phase |
| Inter-phase | resting normal replicate DNA |
| Mitosis | Cell Division |
| Pro-phase | Chromosomes double |
| Meta-phase | - (Chromatids)Line up in the middle & divide equally |
| Ana-Phase | - Pairs split apart
- single strands migrate to each end |
| Telo-phase | - Cell membrane pinches in
- Cyto-kinesis-cell divides(division of cytoplasm)
- two new cells are formed (daughter cells) |
| Protein Synthesis deal with - | - DNA - Deoxy-ribonucleic acid (w/out Oxygen)
- RNA - Ribonucleic acid |
| Describe DNA | - 2 strands - Never leave the Nucleus -
- Double Helix |
| Describe RNA | - 1 strand,
- 2 kinds (transfer & Messenger)(TRNA & MRNA) |
| Primary functions of Epithelial Tissues | - Protection
- Absorption
- Filtration
- Secretion |
| Epithelial cells Have: | - Close cell junctions
- Basement Membranes - lowest surface
Avascular - no blood supply, Diffusion
Regeneration - very fast, Mitosis |
| 3 cell shapes Epithelial Cells have are | - Squamous - flattened
- Cuboidal - cube shaped
- Columnar - taller than wide |
| Squamous shape is | Flattened |
| Cuboidal shape is | Cube shaped |
| Columnar Shaped is | more tall than wide |
| 3 Types of Epithelial Tissues | - Simple- single layer
- Stratified - many layers
- Pseudostratified - Looks like many layers but is only 1 |
| Describe - Simple Squamous | - one layer
- Filtration
- Diffusion
- Thin |
| location of Simple Squamous | Pericardium - Alveoli - Capillary walls |
| Describe -Simple Cuboidal | - one layer
- cube shaped
- Not as thin as simple squamous for more protection |
| Locations of Simple Cuboidal | - Ducts of glands - salivary & sweat glands - covering the ovary |
| Describe Simple Columnar | - more tall than wide
- have Goblet Cells(Secrete Mucous)
- line the digestive tract |
| Location of Simple Columnar | Digestive tract |
| Describe Pseudostratified Columnar | -one cell layer (looks like many layers)
-CILIATED w/Goblet Cells
-line the Respiratory tract |
| what do the Ciliated Goblet cells in the Pseudostratified Columnar cells do? | produces mucus to moisten & warm the air
and catches bacteria |
| Describe Stratified Squamous | ** Most protective
- Several Layers / Flat
- located at the portal of entry |
| Location of Stratified Squamous | Rectum, Skin, lining of mouth |
| Describe Transitional | *** Can Stretch
- relaxed - many layers,
- Stretched - one layer
- Rounded on edges
- Bladder or Uterus |
| Location of Transitional | Bladder or Uterus |
| Body Tissues - Glandular Epithelial does what? | Secretes |
| What does Endo-crine mean? | - "in" - No Duct
- Hormones---Blood |
| What does Exo-crine | - "OUT" Ducts
- Sweat,salivary, oil glands, bile duct, pancreatic duct |
| What is Exo-crine tissue lined with? | Stratified cuboidal or Stratified Columnar |
| Functions of Connective Tissues | - protects
- supports
- connects & binds
Vascularized - "Good Blood supply"
**except for Tendons,Ligaments & Cartilage
Extra-cellular Matrix - "Like Jello" |
| What is Extra-cellular Matrix | Non-Living - like Jello
- Liquid
- Gel Solid
- Semi Solid
- Solid |
| Connective tissues do what? | Hold things together |
| Body Tissues - Fibers (2 types) | Collagen = made of protein - White & Strong
Elastin = Yellow & stretch |
| What is Collagen made of? Color? | Proteins, White & Strong |
| What color is Elastin? What does it do? | Yellow, & Stretch |
| 4 kinds of Specialized Cells | - Fibro-blasts
- Osteo-cytes
- Chondro-cytes
- Macro-phages |
| What do fibroblasts do? | Make fibers |
| What do Osteo-cytes do? | Make bone cells |
| What do Chondro-cytes do? | Make Cartilage Cells |
| What do Macro-phanges do? | - Engulf Bacteria
- Macro= BIG
- Phanges= to Eat |
| 2 Types of Connective Tissues | - Loose
- Dense |
| Describe Loose Connective Tissues | - Liquid matrix
- Fibers are COLLAGEN & ELASTIN
- Cells are FIBROBLASTS
- Fat Cells & Plasma Cells |
| Where is Loose connective tissue found? | Areolar(most common)- Primary component of the Dermis layer of skin |
| What Matrix does Loose connective tissues have? | Liquid |
| What Fibers does Loose connective tissues have? | Collagen & Elastin |
| What cells do Loose connective tissues have? | Fibroblasts |
| Describe Dense Connective Tissue | "Fibrous" - Poor Blood Supply
- Collagen fibers - few fibroblasts
Tendons- bone to muscle
Ligament- bone to bone |
| What Fibers does Dense Connective tissue have? | Collagen Fibers |
| Where are Dense Connective Tissues found? | Tendons & Ligaments |
| Adipose | Fat |
| Describe "Adipose" | - fat
- Large Vacuole w/droplet of oil
- Sub-cutaneous Layer around organs
- Insulation & Cushion & Stores Energy
- Good Blood Supply |
| Cartilage | - no blood supply
- Collagen & elastin fibers |
| Cartilage Matrix | Cartilage cells in gel matrix |
| 3 types of Cartilage | 1. Hyaline - glassy (Rib, Fetus)
2. Elastin - Elastin Fibers (Outer Ear)
3. Fibro-cartilage - Collegen (Vert.Disc& Knees) |
| Bone | "Osseous" |
| Bone Cells | Osteocytes |
| Bone cells made of | Collagen fibers |
| Bone cell matrix | Solid matrix - Ca & P |
| Blood | "Liquid" |
| Blood Cells (3) | 1.Red, 2.White, 3.Platelets |
| Blood cells made of | plasma & Fibers |
| Blood matrix | Fluid |
| Muscle Tissues (3) | 1. Skeletal - striated, 2. Cardiac, 3.Smooth |
| Describe Skeletal Muscle Tissue | - Striations, - Voluntary, - Attached to bone, Gross movements |
| Describe Cardiac Muscle Tissue | - Striations, - Involuntary, - Branching, - Heart |
| Describe Smooth Muscle Tissue | - NO Striations, - Involuntary, - Blood vessels, - Organs of Digestion, - Peristalsis (wave contraction in digestion) |
| Describe Nervous Tissues | - Irritability, - "react to stimuli", - Conductivity (flow of ions, Na+ & K+) |
| 2 types of tissue repair | 1. Regeneration, 2. Fibrosis |
| What is Regeneration | Tissue repair with Good Blood Supply, Replacement with same type of cell, (Mitosis) |
| What is Fibrosis | |
| Developmental Aspects of Tissues (step 1) | 1.Growth - mitosis |
| Developmental Aspects of Tissues (step 2) | 2.Aging - Collagen fibers loss, Muscle-loss, Bone-loss, Thinning of epithelial |
| Developmental Aspects of Tissues (step 3) | 3.Neoplasms - Cancerous - Abnormal growth rapidly dividing cells. (Either Benign or Malignant) |
| Developmental Aspects of Tissues (step 4) | 4.Hyperplasia - enlargement of body tissue |
| Developmental Aspects of Tissues (step 5) | 5.Atrophy - Decrease in muscle size |
| Developmental Aspects of Tissues (step 6) | 6.Hypertrophy - increase |
