Question | Answer |
stops/nasal | mastered earlier, complete obstruction of air stream, complete production, tactile, p & m |
glides | w & y, developed early since vowels, known as semi-vowels |
fricatives | h & f exceptions, v-s-z harder |
manner of production | 4 yrs mid point, 7 years of age move to affricates, r, clusters |
syl. kids make | cv, release (pie), arrest (up) |
inconsistencies during development | medial arrests & phonetic context |
medial arrestor consonants | cvccvc, last in development, cupcake, explains gradual development |
phonetic context | cup--->ticket; can't adjust from one position to the next, tongue can move up then down, based off motor control level |
misarticulation errors | omission, substitution, distortions, additions |
omission | worst error, leave out sounds, napkin-->nakin, some h-w-y common to omit, seen in first word |
substitution | wrong manner, wrong place, manner & place |
wrong manner | most advanced error, t/s (error/target) |
wrong place | best kind of error,can still understand kid, close to right target, least negative |
manner & place | t/f, move place and manner |
voicing | rarely wrong, added to releasing consonants, taken away from arrestor consonants, don't see after young age |
sign error | g/s, velor/alveolar |
distortions | most advanced, not standard production of sound, close but not target, soup->scheloup, messy, hard to fix,usually can understand |
addition | keeps target, add additional sound, please->puhlease, easier to produce, not expected in typical development |
intelligibility | how well listener understands what speaker says, speaker must relate with listener, predictive course, mastered around 4 yrs |