Nutrition Cues | Nutrition Answers |
Who discovered? | Dr. Stephen Babcock: Early 1900'2 |
Nutrients needed for... | maintain, reproduce, work, lactate, grow, lay eggs, produce wool, digest |
How is profit made | Privide nutrients adequately and economically |
6 Classes of Nutrients | water, carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, vitamins, minerals |
Water Requirement | 50-75% of body mass is water; Water alone can support life for one month |
Water Functions | Metabolism (Universal Solvent); Temperature regulation |
Feeds Water Content | Corn 14%, Alfalfa 10%, Sorghum 11%, Bermuda Grass 70% |
Carbohydrates process | energy is stored in plants through photosynthesis, releases in animals during digestion |
Sources of energy | Starch -> Glucose; Cellulose -> VFA |
Lipids | insoluble in water |
Protein Composition | 16% is nitrogen |
Amino Acids discovery | WC Rose 1930's in Rodents effect growth(?) |
Required Amino Acids for chicken | Proline and either glycine or cerins |
Required Amino Acids for cats | tuarine |
PVT (tim hall) - Essential AA's | phenylaline; valine; tryptophan |
(pvt) TIM (hall) - Essential AA's | threonine; isoleucine; methionine |
(pvt tim) HALL - Essential AA's | histidine; arginine; lysine; leucine |
What is a vitamin | "Vital amines" -not CHO, protein, or fat; required in small amounts |
Vitamin background | early 1900's research explosion; included in diets as premix; deficiencies lead to disease |
2 Classification of Vitamins | Fat soluble and water soluble |
Fat Soluble vitamins | A,D,E,K |
Water soluble vitamins | ascorbic acid (C), niacin, biotin, choline, cobalamin, folic acid, pantothenic acid, pyridoxine (B6), riboflavin, thiamin |
Vitamin A function | Vision, skin, reproduction |
Vitamin D function | Ca and D absorption |
Vitamin E function | antioxidant, fetal death, muscle weakness |
Vitamin K function | blood coagulation |
Vitamin B function | coenzymes |
Choline function | neural transmission; phospholipids |
Folic acid function | purine formation; C transfer |
Vitamin C function | collagen, Vitamin E recycling |
Pantothenic Acid deficiency | goose stepping - nervous disorder |
Vitamin D deficiency | Rickets - weak bones, bent |
Thiamine deficiency | Opisthotonous - Nervous System damage |
Nicotinic Acid deficiency | Retarded Development - Giant |
What are minerals and 2 types | inorganic (elements); macrominerals and microminerals |
Mineral function | body structure (bones and teeth), enzyme function, acid-base balance |
Macrominerals | Large quantities required; Ca, K, Cl, Na, P, S, MG |
Microminerals | Small quantities required; Cr, Mo, Ni, Se, Si, Sn, V, Vn, Co, Cu, F, I, Fe, Mn |
Calcium and Phosphorous | Bone formation and maintenance |
magnesium | bone formaion and nervousness |
Sulfur | protein and wool |
Iron | RBC |
Copper | enzyme component |
Iodine | metabolic rate |
cobalt | B 12 |
Sodium, Potassium, Chlorine | Maintain calls |
Mn, Zn, Sn, molybdenum | enzyme co-factor |
flourine | bones and teeth |
iron deficiency | growth retardation |
selenium deficiency | white muscle disease |
zinc deficiency | scaly skin |
selenium toxicity | hoofs slough off |
Digestion goal | Reduce feed size; release nutrients |
3 types of animal digestion classification | Herbivore, omnivore, carnivore |
Monogastrics types | main type; simple stomach, avian, pseudo ruminants |
Ruminants types | cattle, pseudo ruminants |
monogastric function | chemical secretions and enzymes important; limited microbial action and fiber digestion |
monogastric path | mouth-> esophagus-> stomach-> intestine |
small intestine parts | duodenum, jujenum, ileum |
Pancreatic secretions | decrease particle size for absorption; fats to fatty acids, proteins to peptides, peptides to amino acids, starch to disaccharides, disaccharides to monosaccharides |
absorption occurs in | jejunum and upper ileum |
Large intestine | cecum; worthless in omnivores |
Monogastric herbivores | horse - small stomach (comparatively), highly developed cecum |
avian digestion path | esophogus-> crop-> esophogus-> proventriculus-> spleen-> gallbladder-> gizzard-> pancreas-> liver-> small intestine |
Ruminant path | esophagus-> reticulum, omasum, rumen abomasum |
Ruminant Benefits | uses matter other animals cannot, rumen microbes synthesize important nutrients |
Camelids stomach | 3 chambered stomach, one true stomach |