| Question | Answer |
| study of structures (names) | anatomy |
| physiology | study of functions of structures |
| classification of man: | domain eukarya
kingdom animalia
phylum chordata
sudphylum vertebrata
class mammalia
family hominidae
genus homo
species sapiens |
| cardiologist | heart |
| otolaryngologist | ears,nose,throat |
| neurologist | brain |
| ophthalmologist | eyes |
| dermatologist | skin |
| urologist | bladder/urinary tract |
| oncologist | cancer |
| physical therapist | rehab of muscules |
| rheumatologist | arthritis |
| nephrologist | kidney |
| hematologist | blood |
| father of experimental physiology | Galen |
| father of anatomy | vesalus |
| gross anatomy | see with naked eye |
| histology | tissues |
| morbid anatomy | diseases |
| comparative anatomy | compare structures of different species |
| development anat. | diff. stages of growth |
| systematic anat. | study of each system |
| regional anat. | regions of body |
| surface anat. | surface of structures |
| anatomic anat. | xrays,MRI,ultrasound |
| applied anat. | apply knowledge |
| diagnostic tools | EKG,bloodwork, heart monitor, xray, MRI, urine/stool test, blood pressure, temperature |
| organization of human body | cells
tissues
organs
organ system
organism |
| cells are made up of | CHNOPS,mostly water, organelles |
| ribosome | make protein |
| mitochondria | make ATP |
| nucleus | brain |
| vacuoles | hold water/food |
| endoplasmic reticulum | highways |
| superior (cranial) | towards head |
| inferior (caudal) | below head |
| anterior (ventral) | towards front |
| posterior ( dorsal) | towards back |
| lateral | next to |
| medial | towards middle |
| proximal | close to |
| distal | far away |
| superfical | towards surface |
| deep | down inside |
| ipsillateral | same side of body |
| contralateral | opposite side |
| supine | face up |
| prone | face down |
| horizontal (transverse) plane | superior/interior sections |
| frontal (coronal) plane | anterior/posterior sections |
| midsagittal plane | down middle EQUAL |
| sagittal plane | down middle NOT ALWAYS EQUAL |
| pectoral girdle | where arms attach to main trunk |
| pelvic girdle | where legs attach to main trunk |
| regions of ABDOMINAL AREA | right hypochondriac region
epi-gastric region
left hypochondriac region
right lumbar region
umbilical region
left lumber region
right iliac region
hypo-gastric region
left iliac region |
| breathing muscle | diaphragm |
| DORSAL CAVITY (towards back) | a. cranial cavity (brain)
b. vertebral cavity (spinal chord) |
| VENTRAL CAVITY | a.thoracic cavity (chest)
1. PLURAL (LUNGS)
2. MEDIASTINUM (HEART, BRONCHI, THYMUS)
b. abdominopelvic cavity
1.ABDOMINAL (tummy,intestines, kidney, liver, spleen,etc)
2.PELVIC (ovary,prostate, bladder, rectum)
c. SCROTAL (testes) |
| parietal membranes | line trunk cavities |
| visceral membranes | cover and touch organs |
| FYI | space between these 2 membranes is filled with serous membranes to reduce friction when moving |
| visceral pleura,
parietal pleura | lungs |
| visceral pericardium
parietal pericardium | heart |
| peritoneum | ALL OTHER ORGANS |
| mesenteries | 2 layered membranes |
| mesenteries: | 1.still serous membranes
2.doubled layered
3.pathway for nerves, blood & lymphatic vessels
4.anchor abdominal organs |
| frenulum of the lip | flap of skin connecting lip to gums |
| salivary glands: | sublingual, submandibular, parotid |
| sublingual gland | below tongue |
| submandibular gland | under jaw |
| parotid | largest, in cheeks
MUMPS** |
| BUCCAL | CHEEKS |
| WORST FOODS FOR YOU | 1.hydrogenated fats
2.olestra
3.nitrates
4.alcohol
5.raw oysters
6.saturated animal fats
7.soda
8.low acid home canned foods
9.high fat snacks
10. liquid meals |
| salivary amylase | breaks down |
| teeth | 32
front- incisors
pointy- canine
back- molars |
| mastication | chewing |
| deglutition | swallowing |
| uvula | makes food go down |
| pharynx | throat area |
| esophagus | food tube to stomach |
| peristalsis | grinding movement |
| esophagus position in relation to trachea | anterior |
| epiglottis | close off windpipe when swallowing |
| acid reflux | acid from stomach coming up esophagus |
| we need: | 1.carbs
2.lipids
3.proteins
4.minerals
5.vitamins |
| minerals | calcium,potassium,sodium,iron,iodide |
| vitamins | A,C,D,K |
| intracellular digestion | within cell |
| extracellular digestion | outside cell |
| names for digestive tract | 1.gastrointestinal
2.alimentary |
| chyme | partially digested food |
| pH of stomach | 1-3 |
| bacteria that causes alcers | Helicobacteria pylori |
| mucus | lines stomach to keep acid from eating wall |
| only thing that can seep through stomach walls | alcohol |
| where most digestion occurs | small intestine |
| where stomach meets small intestine | pyloric sphincter valve |
| breaks down proteins into peptides | peptidase |
| breaks down sucrose | sucrase |
| breaks down complex carbs | amylase |
| breaks down lipids | lipase |
| makes bile | liver |
| job of bile | breaks down things into smaller |
| stores bile | gall bladder |
| 3 parts of small intestine | 1.duodenum
2.jejunum
3.ileum |
| duodenum | most important in digestion |
| jejunum | absorbs nutrients |
| ilein | longest, absorb nutrients |
| villi/microvill | fingerlike projections |
| liver | detoxifies/filers
converts excess sugars into glycogen |
| pancreas | produces insulin,glycogen,and pancreatic juices |
| removes water from waste | large intestine (colon) |
| too much water removed | diarrhea |
| too little water removed | constipated |
| Ileocecal valve | small and large intestine meet |
| where appendix hangs off | Ileocecal valve |
| sections of colon | ascending,transverse,descending,sigmoid colon,rectum |
| hepatitis | inflammation of liver |
| hemorrhoids | inflammed vein from pressure |
| diverticulitis | cant digest food right
no seeds |
| celiac disease | cant digest gluten |
| colon cancer | colonoscopy |
| cirrhosis | liver cells overworked |
| open circulatory system | blood is not contained in vessels
ANTHROPODS,MOLLUSKS |
| cavity full of blood | hemocoel |
| closed circulatory system | blood is closed in heart and vessels
SEGMENTED WORMS, ALL VERTEBRATES |
| functions of circulatory system | 1.carry O2 and food to cells
2.takes wastes away
3.carries hormones/other chemicals
4.regulates body temp. |
| top chamber in heart | atrium |
| bottom chamber in heart | ventricle |
| fish | 2 chambered |
| amphibians/reptiles | 3 chamber |
| birds/mammals | 4 chambered |
| function of atrium | recieve old blood
deoxygenated |
| function of ventricle | pump blood out to lungs and body |
| types of circulation | 1.systemic-all systems
2.pulmomary-lungs
3.coronary- heart
4.portal- organs
5.fetal-baby |
| alveoli | airsacs in lungs with blood |
| protective covering of heart | pericardium |
| muscle layer of heart | three! |
| endocardium | inner layer, thin |
| myocardium | middle layer,heart,thick |
| epicardium | outer layer, thin |
| veins carry | deoxygenated blood |
| arteries carry | oxygenated blood |
| CIRCULATION THROUGH HEART STEPS: | 1.S&I vena cava
2.right ventricle
3.right atrium
4.pulmonary artery
5.lungs/o2
6.pulmonary vein
7.left atrium
8.left ventricle
9.aorta
10.body cells |
| largest veins | superior and inferior vena cava |
| sup. vena cave | head shoulders arms etc |
| inf. vena cava | legs,trunk |
| pulmonary artery | only artery that carries away from heart |
| pulmonary vein | only vein that bring blood in |
| largest artery | aorta |
| AV valves | Atrioventricle valve
(atrium.ventricle)
1.right AV - TRICUSPID VALVE
2.left AV- MITRAL VALVE |
| SL valves | Semilunar valves |
| Circulation through body | heart
arteries
arterioles
capillaries
diffusion @ cellular level
venules
veins
heart again |
| sinatrial valve | natural pacemaker |
| heart beat | 72/min |
| rapid heart beat | Tachycardia |
| slower heart beat | bradycardia |
| jump starts heart after heart attack | defibrillator |
| aneurysm | wall of blood vessel is weakened and bursts |
| blood pressure cup | sphygmomanometer |
| normal blood pressure | 120/80 |
| top number | systolic, pressure when heart is pumping |
| bottom number | diastolic,pressure between beats |
| high blood pressure | hypertension |
| borderline hypertension | 140/40 |
| high blood pressure | 160/95 plus |
| hypertension at drs office | white coat hypertension |
| hypertension with no symptoms | silent killer |
| atheroscelerosis | hardening of arteries/veins |
| good cholesterol | HDL
high density lipoproteins |
| bad chloesterol | LDL
low density lipoproteins |
| 55 to 60% of blood is | plasma |
| 90% of plasma is | water |
| thrombocytes | platelets |
| makes blood cells | bone marrow |
| proteins that cause clotting | thrombin
fibrinogen |
| blood doesnt clot | hemophilia |
| leukocytes | white blood cells |
| neutrophils | kill bacteria and infection |
| eosinphils | attack parasites |
| basophils | release histamines and flush out allergens |
| lymphocytes | secrete antobodies |
| monocytes | kill bacteria |
| erthrocytes | red blood cells |
| attracts oxygen | hemoglobin |
| picks up co2 | anhydrase |
| production of RBC | erthropoiesis |
| hormone the produces RBC | erthropoietin |
| dont have enough RBC | anemia |
| gives blood type | RBC |
| function of lymphatic system | 1.defense
2.return excess fluids and substances
3.transports fats from sm int to bloodstream |
| lymphatic vessels consist of | lymph nodes,tonsils, thymus, spleen |
| 2 things repiratory system requires | moisture and large surface area |
| insects | have trachea resp. system
have spiracles |
| earthworms | breathe through skin |
| fish | gills |
| amphibians | gills when young, lungs when older |
| reptiles | lungs |
| birds | lungs |
| mammals | lungs |
| use most o2 | birds |
| breathing | controlled by medulla |
| nasopharnx | where nose meets throat |
| oropharynx | where mouth meets throat |
| larynopharynx | voice box |
| trachea | wind pipe |
| bronchi | tubes that go to lungs |
| bronchioles | smaller tubes off bronchi |
| alveoli | air sacs on end of bronchioles |
| emphysema | air sacs destroyed |
| bronchitis | inflammation of bronchi |
| pneumonia | viral and bacterial |
| asthma | short of breath, inflammation and constriction of valves |
| diphtheria | too much mucus |
| tuberculosis | bacteria, bloody mucus |
| influenza | attacks resp. system |
| pleurisy | inflammation of membrane around lungs |
| asbestosis | inhaling fibers of asbestsis |
| lung cancer | ): |
