Question | Answer |
study of structures (names) | anatomy |
physiology | study of functions of structures |
classification of man: | domain eukarya
kingdom animalia
phylum chordata
sudphylum vertebrata
class mammalia
family hominidae
genus homo
species sapiens |
cardiologist | heart |
otolaryngologist | ears,nose,throat |
neurologist | brain |
ophthalmologist | eyes |
dermatologist | skin |
urologist | bladder/urinary tract |
oncologist | cancer |
physical therapist | rehab of muscules |
rheumatologist | arthritis |
nephrologist | kidney |
hematologist | blood |
father of experimental physiology | Galen |
father of anatomy | vesalus |
gross anatomy | see with naked eye |
histology | tissues |
morbid anatomy | diseases |
comparative anatomy | compare structures of different species |
development anat. | diff. stages of growth |
systematic anat. | study of each system |
regional anat. | regions of body |
surface anat. | surface of structures |
anatomic anat. | xrays,MRI,ultrasound |
applied anat. | apply knowledge |
diagnostic tools | EKG,bloodwork, heart monitor, xray, MRI, urine/stool test, blood pressure, temperature |
organization of human body | cells
tissues
organs
organ system
organism |
cells are made up of | CHNOPS,mostly water, organelles |
ribosome | make protein |
mitochondria | make ATP |
nucleus | brain |
vacuoles | hold water/food |
endoplasmic reticulum | highways |
superior (cranial) | towards head |
inferior (caudal) | below head |
anterior (ventral) | towards front |
posterior ( dorsal) | towards back |
lateral | next to |
medial | towards middle |
proximal | close to |
distal | far away |
superfical | towards surface |
deep | down inside |
ipsillateral | same side of body |
contralateral | opposite side |
supine | face up |
prone | face down |
horizontal (transverse) plane | superior/interior sections |
frontal (coronal) plane | anterior/posterior sections |
midsagittal plane | down middle EQUAL |
sagittal plane | down middle NOT ALWAYS EQUAL |
pectoral girdle | where arms attach to main trunk |
pelvic girdle | where legs attach to main trunk |
regions of ABDOMINAL AREA | right hypochondriac region
epi-gastric region
left hypochondriac region
right lumbar region
umbilical region
left lumber region
right iliac region
hypo-gastric region
left iliac region |
breathing muscle | diaphragm |
DORSAL CAVITY (towards back) | a. cranial cavity (brain)
b. vertebral cavity (spinal chord) |
VENTRAL CAVITY | a.thoracic cavity (chest)
1. PLURAL (LUNGS)
2. MEDIASTINUM (HEART, BRONCHI, THYMUS)
b. abdominopelvic cavity
1.ABDOMINAL (tummy,intestines, kidney, liver, spleen,etc)
2.PELVIC (ovary,prostate, bladder, rectum)
c. SCROTAL (testes) |
parietal membranes | line trunk cavities |
visceral membranes | cover and touch organs |
FYI | space between these 2 membranes is filled with serous membranes to reduce friction when moving |
visceral pleura,
parietal pleura | lungs |
visceral pericardium
parietal pericardium | heart |
peritoneum | ALL OTHER ORGANS |
mesenteries | 2 layered membranes |
mesenteries: | 1.still serous membranes
2.doubled layered
3.pathway for nerves, blood & lymphatic vessels
4.anchor abdominal organs |
frenulum of the lip | flap of skin connecting lip to gums |
salivary glands: | sublingual, submandibular, parotid |
sublingual gland | below tongue |
submandibular gland | under jaw |
parotid | largest, in cheeks
MUMPS** |
BUCCAL | CHEEKS |
WORST FOODS FOR YOU | 1.hydrogenated fats
2.olestra
3.nitrates
4.alcohol
5.raw oysters
6.saturated animal fats
7.soda
8.low acid home canned foods
9.high fat snacks
10. liquid meals |
salivary amylase | breaks down |
teeth | 32
front- incisors
pointy- canine
back- molars |
mastication | chewing |
deglutition | swallowing |
uvula | makes food go down |
pharynx | throat area |
esophagus | food tube to stomach |
peristalsis | grinding movement |
esophagus position in relation to trachea | anterior |
epiglottis | close off windpipe when swallowing |
acid reflux | acid from stomach coming up esophagus |
we need: | 1.carbs
2.lipids
3.proteins
4.minerals
5.vitamins |
minerals | calcium,potassium,sodium,iron,iodide |
vitamins | A,C,D,K |
intracellular digestion | within cell |
extracellular digestion | outside cell |
names for digestive tract | 1.gastrointestinal
2.alimentary |
chyme | partially digested food |
pH of stomach | 1-3 |
bacteria that causes alcers | Helicobacteria pylori |
mucus | lines stomach to keep acid from eating wall |
only thing that can seep through stomach walls | alcohol |
where most digestion occurs | small intestine |
where stomach meets small intestine | pyloric sphincter valve |
breaks down proteins into peptides | peptidase |
breaks down sucrose | sucrase |
breaks down complex carbs | amylase |
breaks down lipids | lipase |
makes bile | liver |
job of bile | breaks down things into smaller |
stores bile | gall bladder |
3 parts of small intestine | 1.duodenum
2.jejunum
3.ileum |
duodenum | most important in digestion |
jejunum | absorbs nutrients |
ilein | longest, absorb nutrients |
villi/microvill | fingerlike projections |
liver | detoxifies/filers
converts excess sugars into glycogen |
pancreas | produces insulin,glycogen,and pancreatic juices |
removes water from waste | large intestine (colon) |
too much water removed | diarrhea |
too little water removed | constipated |
Ileocecal valve | small and large intestine meet |
where appendix hangs off | Ileocecal valve |
sections of colon | ascending,transverse,descending,sigmoid colon,rectum |
hepatitis | inflammation of liver |
hemorrhoids | inflammed vein from pressure |
diverticulitis | cant digest food right
no seeds |
celiac disease | cant digest gluten |
colon cancer | colonoscopy |
cirrhosis | liver cells overworked |
open circulatory system | blood is not contained in vessels
ANTHROPODS,MOLLUSKS |
cavity full of blood | hemocoel |
closed circulatory system | blood is closed in heart and vessels
SEGMENTED WORMS, ALL VERTEBRATES |
functions of circulatory system | 1.carry O2 and food to cells
2.takes wastes away
3.carries hormones/other chemicals
4.regulates body temp. |
top chamber in heart | atrium |
bottom chamber in heart | ventricle |
fish | 2 chambered |
amphibians/reptiles | 3 chamber |
birds/mammals | 4 chambered |
function of atrium | recieve old blood
deoxygenated |
function of ventricle | pump blood out to lungs and body |
types of circulation | 1.systemic-all systems
2.pulmomary-lungs
3.coronary- heart
4.portal- organs
5.fetal-baby |
alveoli | airsacs in lungs with blood |
protective covering of heart | pericardium |
muscle layer of heart | three! |
endocardium | inner layer, thin |
myocardium | middle layer,heart,thick |
epicardium | outer layer, thin |
veins carry | deoxygenated blood |
arteries carry | oxygenated blood |
CIRCULATION THROUGH HEART STEPS: | 1.S&I vena cava
2.right ventricle
3.right atrium
4.pulmonary artery
5.lungs/o2
6.pulmonary vein
7.left atrium
8.left ventricle
9.aorta
10.body cells |
largest veins | superior and inferior vena cava |
sup. vena cave | head shoulders arms etc |
inf. vena cava | legs,trunk |
pulmonary artery | only artery that carries away from heart |
pulmonary vein | only vein that bring blood in |
largest artery | aorta |
AV valves | Atrioventricle valve
(atrium.ventricle)
1.right AV - TRICUSPID VALVE
2.left AV- MITRAL VALVE |
SL valves | Semilunar valves |
Circulation through body | heart
arteries
arterioles
capillaries
diffusion @ cellular level
venules
veins
heart again |
sinatrial valve | natural pacemaker |
heart beat | 72/min |
rapid heart beat | Tachycardia |
slower heart beat | bradycardia |
jump starts heart after heart attack | defibrillator |
aneurysm | wall of blood vessel is weakened and bursts |
blood pressure cup | sphygmomanometer |
normal blood pressure | 120/80 |
top number | systolic, pressure when heart is pumping |
bottom number | diastolic,pressure between beats |
high blood pressure | hypertension |
borderline hypertension | 140/40 |
high blood pressure | 160/95 plus |
hypertension at drs office | white coat hypertension |
hypertension with no symptoms | silent killer |
atheroscelerosis | hardening of arteries/veins |
good cholesterol | HDL
high density lipoproteins |
bad chloesterol | LDL
low density lipoproteins |
55 to 60% of blood is | plasma |
90% of plasma is | water |
thrombocytes | platelets |
makes blood cells | bone marrow |
proteins that cause clotting | thrombin
fibrinogen |
blood doesnt clot | hemophilia |
leukocytes | white blood cells |
neutrophils | kill bacteria and infection |
eosinphils | attack parasites |
basophils | release histamines and flush out allergens |
lymphocytes | secrete antobodies |
monocytes | kill bacteria |
erthrocytes | red blood cells |
attracts oxygen | hemoglobin |
picks up co2 | anhydrase |
production of RBC | erthropoiesis |
hormone the produces RBC | erthropoietin |
dont have enough RBC | anemia |
gives blood type | RBC |
function of lymphatic system | 1.defense
2.return excess fluids and substances
3.transports fats from sm int to bloodstream |
lymphatic vessels consist of | lymph nodes,tonsils, thymus, spleen |
2 things repiratory system requires | moisture and large surface area |
insects | have trachea resp. system
have spiracles |
earthworms | breathe through skin |
fish | gills |
amphibians | gills when young, lungs when older |
reptiles | lungs |
birds | lungs |
mammals | lungs |
use most o2 | birds |
breathing | controlled by medulla |
nasopharnx | where nose meets throat |
oropharynx | where mouth meets throat |
larynopharynx | voice box |
trachea | wind pipe |
bronchi | tubes that go to lungs |
bronchioles | smaller tubes off bronchi |
alveoli | air sacs on end of bronchioles |
emphysema | air sacs destroyed |
bronchitis | inflammation of bronchi |
pneumonia | viral and bacterial |
asthma | short of breath, inflammation and constriction of valves |
diphtheria | too much mucus |
tuberculosis | bacteria, bloody mucus |
influenza | attacks resp. system |
pleurisy | inflammation of membrane around lungs |
asbestosis | inhaling fibers of asbestsis |
lung cancer | ): |