Question | Answer |
Male GU problems | Testicular cancer
Prostate problems
Infections (urethritis, prostatitins) |
Testicular cancer | Younger man; usually painless mass
cryptorchidism
high cure when cough early (self exam) |
Cryptorchidism | Undescended testicles
Increases risk for testicular cancer
(Self exam) |
Prostate problems | BPH: Proliferation of prostate tissue Common in men over 50
Cancer: Diet high is saturated fat, high testosterone |
Diagnostic of prostate problems | High PSA (prostate specific antigen) |
S&S of BPH
(Benign prostate hyperplasia) | weak urine flow
Slow to start flow
urinary retention
Hydronephrosis due to back up of urine |
Male urogenital infections | most often caused by STI Chlamydia & gonorrhea. which cause urethritis and prostatitis. |
Female GU problems | Uterus problems
Ovarian cancer
PID infection (Pelvic Inflamatory Disease)
Urologic infections
menopause |
GU problems in the uterus | Dysminorrhea: Painful, heavy periods
Amenorrhea: No periods
Endometriosis: Ectopic endometrium in pelvis during monthly hormonal cycle ( Can lead to infertility |
Ovarian cancer | Vague S&S. Vague Abdominal disconfort, constipation.
often not dx till reaches liver |
PID Infection
(Pelvic Inflamatory Disease) | Infection of uterus, fallopian tubes and/or ovaries. often caused by chlamydia |
Menopause | Atrophy of the ovaries
no estrogen, no bone build-up leading to osteoclast activity and osteoporosis |
Hydronephrosis | can lead to malfunction of nephron and renal failure |
causes of hydronephrosis | any urinary obstructive disorder that makes fluid back up to the kidney. |
Lithiasis | Kidney stones.
also called, calculi.
name can be in reference of the location of the calculi |
Causes of Lithiasis | dehydration,
hyperuricemia
hypercalcemia desorders such as multiple myeloma |
Glomerulonephitis | Inflamation of the glomerulus
Most often caused by Post-strep autoinmune disorder |
S&S of glomerulonephitis | hematuria
hyperproteinuria
oligurea (due to less GFR) |
Nephotic syncope | when glomerular problems result in urine proteins levels greather than 3.5gm
S&S are similar to glomerulonephitis |
S&S
Renal failure | Edema
electrolite problems (Hyperkalemia)
low gravity oligurea
High BUN & Creatine (azotemia)
Uremia (azotemia + other S&S) |
Types of renal failure | ACUTE RENAL FAILURE
Prerenal
Intrarenal
Postrenal
CHRONIC RENAL DISEASE (CKD) (CRD) |
Acute renal failure | Oligurea that occurs abruptly due to prerenal, intrarenal or postrenal causes |
Prerenal
(acute renal failure) | problem of blood flow to kidneys
S&S dehydration
If not fixed patient can develop CKD with fluid overload |
Intrarenal
(acute renal failure | Tubular necrosis (ATN) cells will cast and cause ischemia and necrosis
Most often a direct trauma but can be caused by worsen prereanal and postrenal problems
S&S: oligurea, high BUN/creatine cast in urine |
Postrenal
(acute renal failure) | Obstruction causes backup of urine into kidney (Hydronephrosis) that interferes with tubular function |
Chronic Kidney disease CKD
chronic renal failure CRF | progressive disease of nephron failure,caused by ARF not treated properly, HTN, Diabetes and more |
S&S
CKD, CRF | Oliguria or anuria
Azotemia (High BUN & creatine)
uremia (azotemia+ other S&S)
Fluid & electrolyte imbalances
ruritis (precipitation of urea on skin)
Neurologic changes
anemia (less EPO) |
Treatment of
CKD CRF | Dialysis
treat the symptoms
Restrict K, Na, & H2O in diet
Give phosphate-binding antiacids
Give Ca & Vit D
Give EPO
anti HTN and non-K sparing diuretics |
ophthalmologic disorders | Mydriasis "pupil dilation"
Miosis "Pupil constriction"
Abnormal assestment "Laxk of contriction to light would be and ipsilateral finding" |
Mydriasis | Pupil dilation
Sympathetic response that occurs upon exposure to darkness |
Miosis | Pupil constriction
Parasympatetic response that occurs to exposure to light |
CPP & ICP
Craneal Perfusion Pressure & Intracraneal pressure | CPP is trelated to BP and increased or reduces ICP.
Low ICP: B/c low BP Low CPP = hupovolemia, atherosclerosis
High ICP: due to high BP/ High ICP: Causes intracerebral bleeding & edema |
IICP S&S
Increased intracerebral pressure | Change level of conciousness
Cheyne strokes
Babinski's reflex
Papilledema
Diffuse problem
Confusion, decreased LOC, Fairly simetrical reflexes
Focal problems
Where in the lesion: Contralateral below neck and ipsilateral above neck |
Cheney strokes | Altered breathing pattern in comatose state |
Babinski's | Indicates brain lesson
Plantar reflex
loss of essential reflexes
cough
gag
swallowing |
Treatment of ICP | toward lowering ICP
keep head of bed ~30 degrees
stable BP
diuretics |
Types of Ischemic stroke | Thrombolitic
Thrombus going in arteries
Embolitic
Clot that breack off a thrombus "a-fib
TIA "Transien ischemis attack
NOT a true stroke |
types of hemorrhagic stroke | Intracerebral bleeding from head injury, burst aneurysm, HTN, coagulation dissorders |
Hemispheric strokes | paresis on contralateral side below neck
paresis on ipsilateral side above neck
hemisphere-specific probelms
Right or left |
aphasia and inability to do math | Lesion in left hemisphere |
lesion in right hemisphere
(hemisphere specific problems) | Decrease in spatial understanding
insight into condition
left-side neglet |
Cerebellar stroke | Vertigo
Nystagmus
loss of balance |
Brain stem stroke | respiratory problems
CV problems
CN problems |
Treatment of stroke | Clot-busting drugs
anticoagulants
Surgery
Any intervention that help decrease hypoxia & IICP such as HOB up, Give O2 BP management |
Alzheimer's
Degenerative disease of brain | Type of dementia caused by abnormal accumulation of amyloid in brain tissue and presence of neurofibrillary tangles inside cell bodies of neurons in brain
S&S Severe memory, behavioral and motor changes |
Parkinson's
Degenerative disease of brain | caused by decreased dopamine in the basal ganglion of the brain having too much ACH exitating other cells
S&S Circuit overload
Rigidity "cog-wheel rigidity"
Slow movement
dyskinesia
shuffling gait
Tx give dopamine and ACH meds |
Multiple Sclerosis
Degenerative disease of brain | T cells attack myelin sheaths of random axons in brain affecting areas of body controlled by those neurons by interrupting signals or slowing them down
S&S
Asymmetric weakness of an extremity, Bladder problems, ataxia, vision problems |
Migraines | Headache syndrome due to vasoconstriction of brain vessels due to serotonin or vasodilation due to prostaglandis |
Seizures | Sudden, chaotic discharge of neurons in brain
Epilepsy if chronic
general (unconscious, tonic-clonic movement)
Partial usually local and concious
post-ictal state after seizure and characterized by groggy and confusion |
Meningitis | infection or inflammation of the meninges
cause cerebral edema
S&S
photophobia, headache, irritability, resrlessness, confusion, neck stiffness
Possitive brudzinski's and Kernig's signs
High protein in CSF
Hing WBCs, low glucose |
myasthenia gravis | caused by autoantibodies that destroy ACH receptors, at the distal end of neuromuscular junction
S&S
Weakness that gets worse with activity
Tx cholinesteraseto increase ACH in in junction or thymectomy to decrease T cells |
hyperthyroidism | state of excess of T3 and T4 secreted by thyroid gland
S&S
metabolism overdrive, nervousness, irritability, tachicardia, increased apetite but patient stays thin & fatigued, tissue build-up behind eyes, sweating, warm skin,
HIGH T4 and LOW TSH |
graves' disease | common cause of hyperthyroidism.
autoantibodies mimic TSH fittingin TSH receptors in thyroid causing it to over-secrete T3 & T4 |
Thyroid Storm | Extreme version of hyperthyroidism
extreme tachicardia
HF
Shock
Temp of 104-105
agitation
delirium
seizures |
Hypothyrodism | Low thyroid hormone secretion
Caused by
Hashimoto's thyroiditis
endemic iodine
S&S opposite to hyperthyroidism
bloated face apareance "myxidema
LOW T4 & HIGH TSH
Extreme version myxidema crisis, or coma
goiter
Tx thyroid meds |
Hyperthyroidism caused by pituitary | Hypersecretion of TSH
both TSH and T4 will be high
Hyposecretion of TSH is not a pituitary problem neither thyiroid |
Calcium movement | PTH increases movement of Ca from bone to blood calcitoning does the opposite |
PTH | Increases Ca in blood
too much hypercalcemia leading to kidney stones, hyperpolarization of cells "weakness, lethargy," also osteoporosis
Low PTH
Opossite, tetany, muscle spams, positive Chvostek's Hypopolarization |
Resorption | bringing something back into blood, most often refers to Ca coming into blood from bone "bone resorption |