| Question | Answer |
| List some examples of severe stress | Burns, Infection, and Trauma |
| What happens to the body during fasting? | Body conserve protein, the metabolic rate decreases, call adapt to using ketones for energy |
| What happens to the body during stress? | Metabolic rate stays high and body break down protein for fuel |
| Effect of malnutrition and severe stress | Unable to maintain a successful stress response and higher risk of death |
| Chronic Malnutrition | Depleted fat stores and lean body mass, blood proteins & immune function are adequate |
| Acute Malnutrition | Depleted lean body mass, blood proteins & immune function, but not fat stores |
| Mixed Malnutrition | Lean body mass, blood proteins, immune function and fat stores are all depleted |
| Nutrition Support during stress | Fluid & electrolytes are given by IV, progressive diet, and more calories are req. |
| Progessive Diet | Slow change from clear liquids (Apple Juice) to full liquids (Milk), low fiber (Apple Sauce) to regular food |
| What is the calories requirement if fever is involved with stress event? | 7% more for every degree (F) above normal |
| 2 dangers of deliverig nutrients thru the GI tract immediately after the stress period | Intestinal distention & perforation and Regurgitation into the lungs |
| Refeeding Syndrome | Complications that are associated w/ reintroducing nutrients after stress event |
| What are some examples of complications of refeeding syndrome? | Respiratory distress, Congestive heart failure, Convulsations and Coma |
| Infections | Invation of pathogens, anemia usually develops b/c iron is sequestered and kidney don't replaces the iron in blood |
| Nutrition needs in trauma and surgery | Good preoperation- decrease complications, NPO at least 8hrs- prevent vomiting/aspiration, and progressive diet |
| Organ Transplantation | Requires precaution against food-borne illnesses b/c they are given immunosuppressive drugs |
| 1st Degree Burn | Damage the epidermis, usually redness and pain |
| 2nd Degree Burn | Epidermis and top part of dermis, usually blisters |
| 3rd Degree Burn | Epidermis, dermis and hypodermis are damage |
| Burn Care | Need fluid, electrolytes, and albumin b/c they leak from area and protein req. is 2 to 3x RDA |
| Protective mechanisms of the GI tract | Villi form a barrier, Goblet cells secrete mucus, Peyer's patches (lymph nodes), and IGA is secrete in mucus & saliva |
| Factors that increase the chance of translocation | Reduce blood flow to intestine, parenteral nutrition, malnutrition, immunosuppresive drugs, and antibotics |
| Enteral feeding | Deliverance of nutrient thru the GI tract |
| Parenteral feeding | Deliverance of nutrient thru vein |
| Glutamine | Most abundant amino acid, provide fuel for intestinal cells, required for synthesis of nucleotides, essential during stress event |
| Short chain fatty acids | 2-4 C long, made by bacteria in GI, provide fuel to large intestine, stimulate intestinal cell growth & blood flow |
