Question | Answer |
What is it called when there is a break in a bone? | Fracture |
What are the structural Components of morphology of long bone? | Diaphysis, Epiphysis, metaphysis and epiphyseal plate |
What is morphology of long bone? | The structure of the bone |
What is histology of long bone? | The microstructure of the bone |
What is the bone growth plate? | Epiphyseal plate |
What does the cancellous bone provide? | Flexibility |
What are the spaces in bone? | Trabeculae |
Degree of porosity is also known as? | Density of bone |
What does the periosteum cover? | The cortex |
Fibrous membrane covering consists of 2 layers, what are those layers? | Fibrous and osteogenic layer |
Endosteum means? | Medullary cavity |
What are the osteogenic cells responsible for? | Regeneration process |
What are the main components of histology (microstructure) of long bones? | Cells and Fibers |
What are the components of ground substances? | Water, GAGs, noncollagenous proteins Solid, mineralized |
What do lucanae contain? | Small spaces with osteocytes |
What is organized, cylindrical structural units, concentric lamellae, lucanae and canalicull? | Haversian Systems |
Concentric lamellae are.... | Calcified rings |
Spongy bone -Trabeculae contain lacunae and canaliculi | More osteocytes |
Interstitial Lamellae are? | Bony layers that sit between Haversian canals |
What connects the haversian’s canals and contains blood, lymph? | Volkmann’s canals |
What are the main sources for blood supply? | Periosteal artery and Nutrient artery |
What enters via nutrient foramen and branches out? | Nutrient artery |
What goes through mitosis, differentiates into osteoblast and is in ther inner osteogenic layer of periosteum? | Osteoprogenitor cells |
Whatare osteoblasts involved in? | Collagen synthesis and bone formation. |
Give some information on osteocytes | They are surrounded by extracellular matrix, located in lucanae, and connect to creat a highly vascular environment. |
Osteoclasts break down and what else do they do? | Deossification, located in bony marrow and Howship's lacunae-absorption of dead bones. |
What is the relationship between osteoblasts and osteoclasts? | Normally equal, maintain and aid in fracture (Fx) healing |
bone regeneration and repair means... | converting tissue into bone, also known as ossification or osteogenesis. |
What does ORIF stand for? | Open Reduction Internal Fixation |
What are the stages of bone regeneration and repair? | Hematoma formation and Inflammation Cellular proliferation and Callus formation Remodeling |
Secondary bone healing vs. primary bone healing | Secondary-natural bone healing-casted immobilized |
Hemotoma formation | Each bony end creates a hemotoma and likes to spread to healthy bone and develops within a few hours after fracture |
What does a fracture hematoma do? | Bleeds a lot, is located at the bone ends and may extend into surrounding areas. |
What is the absence of osteocytes from lacunae? (Death @ fracture site) | Necrosis |
Replicate bone is also known as? Structural framework | Regeneration environment |
Fracture hematoma: | create granulation tissue |
Fibrocartilaginous callus leads to: | increased strength leads to bony matrix |
Mineralization | stage 2: depositing of calcium and phosphorous |
Divides into 3 phases | Early, intermediate, late |
Early repair phase | needs a stimulus>disruption of periosteum |
Proliferation of osteogenic cells | stronger callus does not form for a few days |
Osteoprogenitor cells travel to the fx site | Osteoblasts and condroblasts (lay down cartilage) |
Osteoblasts are.... | Stimulus for proliferation and Extends out from primary fx site |
Pluripotent cells function is to? | Turn into a cell that is needed |
What is involved in intermediate repair phase? | Formation of granulation tissue and fibrocartilaginous callus, Proliferation of osteoblasts,Granulation Tissue |
Endothelial budding | Branching out of capillaries |
What contains cortex, osteogenic cells, endothelial budding, fibrocarilaginous callus is replaced, begins @ sides of Fx site, visible callus formation via x-ray? | External Callus |
When is the callus formation visible in an x-ray? | After 14 days |
the internal Callus consists of... | Cancellous bone, osteogenic cells and bridges between the bone ends |
What describes the hardening of callus, does not have movement between bony ends and the fracture line is still present? | Clinical Union |
What happens in the late repair phase? | Ossification, mineral deposits and solid bony union. (between 14 and 30 days) |
During mineralization the soft cancellous bone hardens, bone density is increased and ____ | The woven bone is replaced with primary bone |
During primary bone formation the excess callus is absorbed, the medullary cavity is reastablished and the Haversian system is restored. | Osteoclasts create medullary cavity and the osteoblasts are in the Haversian system |
What are the time factors that affect fracture healing? | Amount damaged Cell death Displacement Size of bone Blood supply Approximation of sites Age Nutrition |
What is another word for set? | Reduce |
what is the duration of remodeling ? | 6-24 weeks |
What is involved in remodeling? | Resumes normal size, structure, and shape Begins with stability Osteoclastic activity Organization of trabecular structure Osteoclasts and osteoblast |
What does ARF stand for? | Activation, Resisting and Formation |
What kind of abnormal bone healing complication is not direclty related? | Extrinsic Complications |
What is the build up of pressure within a staff infection and avascular cell death? | Compartment syndrome |
Osteoporosis, degenerative joint disease and myocytosis are examples of what? | Late extrinsic complications |
What kind of abnormal bone healing complication is direclty related? | Intrinsic complications |
What is the failure of the fracture ends to unite? | Non Union |
How much time must pass before a fracture is truly considered a nonunion? | 6 months |
Causes of nonunion | vascular compromise not enough blood |
What happens in nonunion? | Prolonged presence of Type III collagen, bone ends become hard and dense, no bridging |
How can you help a nonunion fracture? | Rebreak to start the healing process again |
What is the definition of a delayed union fracture? | Solid bony union, but not within normal time frame |
What are some bones that may have delayed union because of the duration of healing? | Tibia, femur, humerus |
What are some causes of delayed union fractures? | Infections, medical treatments |
What is the union called when bones unite in a an imperfect position? | MalUnion |