Question | Answer |
Cushing's syndrome | a long-term excess of glucocorticiods, many symptoms: depression, fatigue, hirsutism, various autonomic symptoms, and psychosis |
Islets of Langerhans | are clusters of cells through out the pancreas that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream- hormones secreted include insulin and glucagon |
Melatonin | is an amine hormone released by the pineal, plays a role in biological rythms, especially the timing of sleep onset |
Pineal gland | sits atop the brainstem and in mammals is overlaid by the cerebral hemispheres. It is a signal structure |
Gonadotopin-inhibiting hormone | hypothalamic peptide that inhibits gonadotropins |
Ovaries | paired female gonads |
Estrogen and Progestin | two major classes of steroid hormones that the ovary produce |
Testes | are sperm producing sertoli cells and leydig cells, which produce and secrete the sex steroid testosterone and androgens |
Gonads | consis of two different subcompartments-one to produce hormones and another to produce gametes |
cretinism-congenital hypothyroidism | thyroid deficiency early in life can cause marded reduction in brain size and branching of axons and dentrites |
goiter | thyroid hormones are dependent on the supply of iodine-hyperthyroidism-driven by higher and higher TSH levels. the thyroid gland swells in its attempt to produce more thyroid hormones |
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone TRH | stimilates the release of TSH form the pituitary |
thyroid gland | gland that produces and secretes several hormones, two are, thyroxine and triiodothyronine |
Androstenedione | contributes to the adultpattern of body hair in men and women |
Mineralocorticoids | have effects on minerals such as sodium and potassium. |
Aldosterone | the primary mineralocorticiod, acts on the kidneys to retain sodium and thus reduces and amount of urine produced, conserving water. |
Cortisol | increases the level of blood glucose and accelerate the breakdown of carbohydrates, including glucose. |
Adrenocorticoids | a variety of steroid hormones that are produced and secreted from the adrenal cortex |
Glucocorticoids | hormones that have effects on the metabolism of carbohydrates, including glucose |
Epinephrine & Norephinephrine | released by the adrenal medulla, amine hormones that are under the control of the sympathetic nervous system |
Adrenal Medulla | 20% of the adrenal gland, really a protion of the sympathetic nervous system because it is richly supplied with autononmic nerves |
Adrenal Cortex | 80% of the adrenal gland, is composed of distinct layers of cells, each producing different steroid hormones |
Adrenal Gland | rests on top of each kidney, it secretes a large variety of hormones in mammals, it is divided into two major portions |
Prolactin | it stimulates lactation in female mammals. has a number of roles in addition to its actions on breast tissue. it is closely involved in teh parental behavior of a wide variety of vertebrate species |
Milk letdown reflex | triggered by oxytocin, the contraction of mammary gland cells that ejects mild into the breast ducts-exemplifies the relationship between behavioral and hormone release |
Posterior pituitary gland | secretes two principal hormones, oxytocin and arginine vasopressin |