Question | Answer |
what is the cell theory? | all living things are made up of cells |
robert hooke | coined term cell by cork |
Dujardin | cytoplasm |
Robert brown | nucleus |
what do robert brown, dujardin, and robert hooke have in common | they believed cells are the structual units and function units |
virchow | cells came from pre-existing cells |
schleden | plants - all living things are made up of cells |
schwann | animals- all living things are made up of cells |
cytology | study & function of cells |
Cell biology | incorperates aspects of biology, chemistry, and physics |
two most common methods used to study cells | electron microscopy and Light microscopy |
two classes of cells | symatic & sex |
what are the two fluids in symatic cells | extracellular fluid, and interstitual fluid |
where do you find extracellular fluid | around the cell, watery medium |
where do you find interstitual fulid | found in most tissues |
what is in the cytoplasm | cytosol and organells |
another name for the cell membrane | plasmalemma membrane |
what is the cell membranes functions | physical isolation, regulates what goes in & out, sensitivity, and structure & support |
what is the membrane structure like | thin & delicate, has lipids, protiens, and carbohydrates and has phosopholipids that are the largest part of the membrane |
what makes the membrane lipid flexable | cholestrol |
what is in the membrane lipid | phosopholipid bilayer, hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tails |
where is the hydrophilic head | on the surface |
where is the hydrophobic tail | on the inside, repels water |
Anchoring protein | attach to cell membranes to one another or to internal or external structures |
Recognition proteins | Identify cell & prevent attack by immune system |
Enzymes | catalyze interacellular or extracellular reactions |
Recepter Protins | Binds to specific ligands in extracellular fluid |
Carrier proteins | more solute across membrane; may or may not require atp |
leak channel | permit continus passive movement of water & ions |
Gated channels | can open or close to regulate ion movement |
What are the three types of Memberane Carbohydrates | -Proteoglycan
-Glycoproteins
-Glycolipids |
Membrane Permiablility | Passive or Active |
Passive | no use of energy |
Active | Use energy |
4 major categories of transport | 1-Diffusion
2-filtration
3-Carrier Mediated
4-Vesicullar |
Diffusion | area of high con. to low con. |
Things that can effect diffusion | -Distance
-Size of Gradient
-Molecular size
-tempature
-electrical forces |
Osmosis | diffusion of water across cell membrane - Passive |
Osmolarity | total solute conc. in an aqueous solution |
Types of solutions | Isosmotic, hyperosmotic, and hyposotic |
Isosmotic | equal concentration, salt=water, no change |
Hyperosmotic | higher solute, salt > water, swells |
hyposmotic | lower solute, salt < water, shrinks (crention) |
Co transport | 2 substances in same direction at same time (sympoet) |
Counter transport | 1 substance in & one out (antiport) |
what are the two major types of carrier transport | facilitated diffusion and active transport |
Facilited diffusion | mcl binds to receptor site |
active transport | ion pumps, sodium potassim exchange pump (NA in K out) |
Vescular transport | use of vessicles |
bulk transport | 3 types, receptor meditated, pinocytosis, and phagocytosis |
endosytosis | into cell |
Pinocytosis | cell drinking (liquid) |
Phagocytosis | Cell eating (solid) |
Ecosytosis | discharge of materials out of a cell by vesicle binding to membrane |
Transmembrane potential | potential difference across a membrane |
Inside slightly - | move out + |
outside slightly + | move in - |
Resting potential | Transmembrane potential in an undisterbed cell, between -10mv and -100mv |
contains high K ions, low Na ions | (ion pump) Cytosol |
Cytosol things | suspended proteins, small amount of CHO's & large amounts of amino acids & lipids, Inclusion |
Inclusion | wont disolve, no one knows what it does but if removed, cell will die |
Two categories of organelles | Nonmembranous, membranous |
what is the genetic code | method of info storage in dna strands of nuclus |
Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, and Uracil | RNA |
Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, and Thymine | DNA |
Protein synthesis | Transcription and translation |
transcription | occurs in nucleous, RNA from DNA |
Translation | occurs in cytoplasm in Ribosome, proteins from mRNA On rough ER |
Cytoskeleton | Ctructure to cell, Nonmembrane |
Microvilli | increases surface area, non membrane |
Centriloes | cell division, non membrane |
Cilla | Movement, non membrane |
Flagella | Movement, whip like, Non membrane |
Ribosome | protein synthesis, non membrane |
Mitochondria | membrane |
endoplasmic reticulum | membrane |
golgi apparatus | membrane |
lysosomes | membrane |
peroxisomes | membrane |
nucleus | membrane |
2 parts of cell division | mitosis and meiosis |
mitosis | 2 cells identical, 1 cell division |
meiosis | production of sex cells, 4 cells, different, 2 cell division |