Question | Answer |
What are some characteristics for an Animalia? | -Multicellular
-Eukaryotic with no cell walls
-Heterotrophs (consumers) |
Ectoderm | A layer of cells on the outer surface of the gastrula (top); skin and tissue |
Mesoderm | Made up of two layers of cells lying between the ectoderm and endodem (Middle layer); muscles, reproductive organs, and circulatory vessels |
Endoderm | A layer of cells lining the inner surface of the gastrula (bottom); digestive tract |
Protostomes | Animals that develop a mouth from gastrula space |
Duterostomes | Animals that develop an anus from gastrula space |
Asymmetrical | Irregular in shape |
Symmetrical | Regular in shape |
Radial symmetry | Can be divided along any plane into equal halves |
Bilateral Symmetry | Can be divided only down it's length in half, creating a mirror image of each side |
Acoelomates | Animals have three cell layers with a digestive tract but no body cavities |
Pseudocoelomates | Animals with a fluid-filled body cavity partly liked with mesoderm |
Coelomates | Animals with a body cavity completely surrounded by mesoderm |
What are the 7 essential functions in animals? | The 7 functions are feeding, respiration, circulation, excretion, response, movement, and reproduction |
What are the organization levels? | Cells, tissue, organs, and organ system |
Exoskeleton | A hard, waxy coating on the outside of the body to protect the internal organs |
Endoskeleton | A support framework within the body to protect the organs |
Bony skeleton | Skeleton consisting of bone |
Hydroskeleton | A fluid-filed cavity, the coelom, surrounded by muscles |
Invertebrates | Animals lacking a backbone |
Vertebrates | Animals with a backbone |
What are the 5 subphylum vertebrata classes? | -Fish
-Amphibians
-Reptiles
-Birds
-Mammals |
Where did the vertebrate jaw of a fish evolve from? | From the skeletal supports of pharyngeal slits |
Bony fishes | Developed paired pelvic and pectoral fins attached to the pelvic girdles of cartilage or bone |
Where did tetradpods evolve from? | They evolved from specialized fishes that inhabited in shallow water |
Tetrapod | Developed lobed walking fins and breathed air by gulping out of the water (were amphibians) |
Amphibians | Need to return to the water to lay eggs and for development of larvae |
Amniotes | Includes reptiles, mammals, and birds. Evolution of their egg expanded the success of vertebrates on land |
Testudines | Turtles - some species return to the water and all lay their eggs on land |
Sphenodontia | Tuataras |
Squamata | Lizards and snakes |
Crocodilia | Crocodiles and alligators |
What did birds start out as? | Birds began as feathered reptiles, then they evolved to fly |
Endothermic | Use metabolic energy to generate heat |
Wings | Flight enhanced the ability to hunt and savage, escape predators, and move with changing seasons |
What does hair and subcutaneous fat do? | Help retain metabolic heat |
Earliest mammals | Evolved from reptiles about 220 million years ago |
Monotremes | Lay eggs and produce milk (no nipples) |
Marsupials | Born early in embryonic development, climb to mother's pouch and attach to a nipple |
Vertebrate brain | High degree of cephalization |
Vertebrate movement | Have a backbone and two pairs of limbs that are attached to a basic supporting structure by limb girdles |
Carnivores | Short digestive tracts with special enzymes that break down meat |
Herbivores | Long intestines and stomachs with bacteria that break down cellulose |
Single-loop circulatory system | Blood travels from the heart to the gills to the body and back to the heart |
Double-loop circulatory system | -Heart to lungs
-Heart to body |
Vertebrate excretion | -Excretory system eliminate nitrogenous wastes and regulate the amount of water in the body
-Most rely on kidneys for excretion
-Nitrogenous wastes are first produced in the form of ammonia |
Vertebrate respiration | Aquatic vertebrates - use gills for respiration
Terrestrial Vertebrate - Use lungs to breathe |