Question | Answer |
The nucleic acid molecule that stores genetic information. | DNA |
The organelle that converts glucose into ATP (energy) for the cell to use | mitochondria |
The organelle that performs photosynthesis by converting sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide into glucose and oxygen | chloroplast |
Selectively permeable phospholipid bilayer that surrounds all cells and acts as a barrier allowing some substances to enter and exit and others to not. | cell membrane aka plasma membrane |
hard rigid outer layer of plant and fungi cells | cell wall |
site of protein sysnthesis | ribosome |
energy molecule | ATP |
the fluid that surrounds the organelles inside of the cell | cytoplasm |
organelle that that houses the genetic information (DNA) in eukaryotic cells | nucleus |
organelle that stores water, waste, and nutrients - larger in plant cells than in animal cells | vacuole |
organelle that contains digestive enzymes and breaks down waste and old worn-out organelles | lysosome |
the movement of molecules from high concentration to low concentration (with the concentration gradient) | diffusion |
the movement of molecules from high concentration to low concentration through a specialized channel protein (with the concentration gradient) | facilitated diffusion |
the movement of molecules from low concentration to high concentration using energy (against the concentration gradient) | active transport |
a membrane that allows some things to pass through and others to not is referred to as | semi-permeable |
the movement of water from high concentration to low concentration | osmosis |
the pressure exerted by a large vacuole in plants | turgor pressure |
makes up the cell membrane | phospholipid bilayer and proteins |
a charged molecule | ion |
process in the cells that take place in the mitochondria and produces ATP | cellular respiration |
process in the cells that occurs by converting sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide into glucose and oxygen | photosynthesis |
oxygen +glucose —> water+ carbon dioxide+ATP | cellular respiration |
carbon dioxide + water+ sunlight —> glucose + oxygen | photosynthesis |
monosaccharide that is produced during photosynthesis and is used to create ATP during cellular respiration | glucose (C6H12O6) |
pigment in plants and other photosynthetic organisms that trap sunlight | chlorophyll |
the process by which DNA is converted into mRNA | transcription |
the process by which mRNA is converted into and amino acid sequence (protein) | translation |
monomer of DNA and RNA, composed of a phosphate group, 5 carbon sugar, and nitrogenous base | nucleotide |
DNA and RNA are ___________ ___________ | nucleic acids |
the monomer or building blocks of proteins | amino acids |
amino acid sequences make up | proteins |
three nucleotides that code for a single amino acid on a mRNA strand (ex: AUG) | codon |
having two copies of each chromosome ( ex: human somatic cell has 46 chromosomes) | diploid |
having one copy of each chromosome ( ex: human gamete or sex cell has 23 chromosomes) | haploid |
during mitosis 2 ______________ daughter cells are produced | diploid |
during meiosis 4 ______________ daughter cells are produced | haploid |
tightly packed DNA that is condensed for cellular division | chromosome |
chromosomes are only visible during _____ _______ | cell division |
four haploid daughter cells are produced during | meiosis |
two identical daughter cells are produced during | mitosis |
haploid sperm or egg cells are called | gametes |
diploid body cells (ex: nerve, bone, blood) are called | somatic cells |
the process by which two haploid gametes combine to form a diploid cell | fertilization |
biotic and abiotic factors in one area makes up a(n) | ecosystem |
a group of organisms of the same species | population |
all the biotic factors in one area | community |
symbiotic relationship where both organisms benefit | mutualism |
symbiotic relationship where one organism benefit and the other is neither helped nor harmed | commensalism |
symbiotic relationship where one organism benefits (parasite) at the expense of another (host) | parasitism |
an organism that can produce its own food | autotroph |
another name for autotroph | producer |
an organism that must consume other organisms to survive | heterotroph |
another name for heterotroph | consumer |
non-living factor in the environment | abiotic |
a living, or once living, factor in an environment | biotic |
a prediction for an experiment that is testable | hypothesis |
the group you keep unchanged to compare | control |
organisms that can mate with each other and produce fertile offspring | species |
the role a species plays in an ecosystem, including where it lives and what it eats | niche |
a model, using arrows, of all the possible interconnected consumer interactions in a community | food web |
interactions between organisms of two species, includes mutualism, and parasitism | symbiosis |
a model of 10% energy flow through consecutive trophic levels | energy pyramid |
an explanation for a broad problem, supported by extensive experimentation and evidence | theory |
the change in allele frequency of a population over time | genetic variation |
the process by which organisms that are better adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce (mechanism for evolution) | natural selection |
a genetic variation (expressed as a trait) that is favored by selection in a particular environment | adaptation |
the number of different species in a particular area | species diversity |
1) the 2 alleles (ex: Ww) for a trait 2) the expression of a trait (ex: Widow's peak) | 1)genotype and 2)phenotype |
this change in DNA (nucleotide sequence) is the original source of variation | mutation |
ATCGACCAG—>ATCGTCCAG | point mutation |
ATCGACCAG—>ATTCGACCAG | frameshift muatation (insertion) |
ATCGACCAG—>ATCGACCG | frameshift muatation (deletion) |
an ancestral species shared by two or more species as evidenced by commonalities | common ancestor |
fossil records, anatomical homologies, DNA and protein similarities | evidence of evolution |
the difference in alleles or genes between organisms within the gene pool of a species | genetic variation |
CHO 1:2:1
monomer: monosaccharides
function: short term energy and structure such as cell wall | carbohydrate |
CHO
monomer: glycerol and fatty acids
function: long term energy storage, compose cell membrane | lipids |
CHON
monomer:amino acids
acts as catalyst and building blocks of the body (ex: muscles) | proteins |
CHONP
monomer: nucleotides
function: stores and expresses genetic information | nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) |
(archaea and bacteria) a group of unicellular organisms that lack membrane -bound organelles (no nucleus, etc) | prokaryote |
(animals, plans, fungi, etc.) organisms with complex cells and membrane-bound organelles (nucleus, mitochondria, etc.) | eukaryote |
cells in multicellular organisms develop to have separate tasks/functions (muscle cells, red blood cells, etc.) | cell specialization/cell differentiation |
proteins that increase the rate of a reaction by lowering the energy activation | enzyme |
lock and key model | in order to react, the substrate (reactant) must fit into the active site of the enzyme |
the steps of cellular respiration | glycolysis, krebs cycle (citric acid cycle), electron transport chain |
anaerobic respiration that produces alcohol or lactic acid and 2 ATP | fermentation |
the process of producing two identical copies of one original DNA molecule | DNA replication |
one of two or more forms of a gene | allele |
WW, XX | homozygous dominant alleles |
tt, yy | homozygous recessive alleles |
Tt, Ww, XY | heterozygous alleles |
male and female sex chromosomes | XY and XX |
a section of DNA in a chromosome that codes for a protein (or polypeptide) | gene |
double sided helix made of nucleotides containing a deoxyribose sugar, phosphate group and a nitrogenous base. Watson, Crick, Wilkins, and Franklin contributed | DNA structure |
Chargaff's Rule | DNA : adenine =thymine, guanine =cytosine
A=T
C=G |
base pair rule | DNA: A=T, C=G
RNA: A=U, C=G |
double sided, has the sugar deoxyribose and has the base thymine | DNA |
single sided, has the sugar ribose and the base uracil | RNA |
moves molecules, including proteins, from one part of the cell to another | endoplasmic reticulum |
endoplasmic reticulum that is covered in ribosomes | rough ER |
the movement of materials across the cell membrane without using energy (ATP) | passive transport |
the process in which a cell completely surrounds a substance to move large bulky into the cell (phagocytosis) | endocytosis |
the process in which a cell releases large bulky materials out of the cell | exocytosis |
single unit; building block of polymer; subunit | monomer |
made up of smaller subunits; composed of monomers | polymer |
the tendency to maintain a stable, relatively constant internal environment | homeostasis |
inerphase, mitosis, cytokenesis | cell cycle |
G1, S , G2 | interphase |
part of the cell cycle when DNA is replicated | S phase (interphase) |
division of the cytoplasm; cleavage furrow forms in animal cells; cell plate form in plant cells | cytokinesis |
uncontrolled cell division; creates tumors that interfere with normal cell function | cancer |
a non-living infectious agent that is composed of a protein coat (capsid) and nucleic acid (RNA or DNA); relies on a host cell to multiply | virus |
viral reproduction cycle that ends in the lysis of the infected cell releasing the viruses that will in turn spread and infect other cells. | lytic cycle |
viral reproduction cycle that does not lyse the host cell right away, the virus replicates as the host cell replicates. The virus can remain dormant for years. | lysogenic cycle |
prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase | mitosis |
tissue that carries food from the leaves to other parts of the plant | phloem |
tissue that carries water and dissolved minerals upward from the roots to the leaves of the plant | xylem |
tiny openings in the upper and lower epidermis of the leaf that allow carbon dioxide to enter and oxygen and water to leave | stomata |
middle layer of leaf tissue in which photosynthesis occurs | mesophyll |
a plant that is characterized by the presence of transport tissue | vascular plant |
the male reproductive organs in a flower; filament, anther | stamen |
the female reproductive organs of a flower; stigma, style, ovary, ovule | pistil |
the relaxed form of DNA in the cell's nucleus | chromatin |
the first phase of mitosis in which chromosomes become visible and nuclear membrane disappears | prophase |
a phase of mitosis, during which the chromosomes line up across the center of the cell | metaphase |
phase of mitosis in which sister chromatids are pulled to opposite sides of the cell | anaphase |
the final stage of mitosis during which a nuclear membrane forms around each set of new chromosomes | telophase |
branch of science concerned with classification of organisms | taxonomy |
named group of organisms such as phylum, genus, or species | taxon
taxa (plural) |
taxonomic ranks | domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
mnemonic to remember: dumb kids playing cards on freeways get smashed |
used to prevent viral infections | vaccines |
used to treat bacterial infections | antibiotics |
amount of energy passed on from one trophic level to the next | 10% |
binomial nomenclature is a scientific name composed of an organism's _________ and ________ | genus and species
Ex: human= Homo sapian |