Question | Answer |
These plants have xylem & phloem for transport | vascular plants |
Nonvascular plants are called what? | bryophytes |
Which plant species belongs to the phylum Hepatophyta ? | Liverworts |
Which plant species belongs to the phylum Anthocerophyta ? | Hornworts |
Which plant species belongs to the phylum Bryophyta ? | Mosses |
These plants can have seeds and also be seedless | vascular plants |
Club mosses and their relatives are known as this: | lycophytes |
Ferns and their relatives are known as this: | Pterophytes |
Lycophytes & Pterophytes are what type of vascular plants ? | seedless |
This is the embryo and nutrients that is surrounded by a protective coat | Seed |
These plants have naked seeds that are not enclosed by ovaries and consist of four phyla: Gingkophyta, Coniferophyta, Gnetophyta, and Cycadophyta | Gymnosperms |
These are flowering plants | Angiosperms |
Characteristics of a _________ plant are: life cycles with dominant sporophytes, xylem/phloem, and well-developed roots and leaves | vascular |
Which plants require water for fertilization | gymnosperms & angiosperms |
There is only one living species in this phyla | gingkophyta |
This phyla includes coniferous plants | Coniferophyta |
This phyla has three genera: Gnetum, Ephedra, and Welwitschia | Gnetophyta |
This phyla includes cycads | Cycadophyta |
All _______ are classified in one phylum, Anthophyta | angiosperms |
Which plant structure is specialized for sexual reproduction | angiosperm |
dandelions, maples, pine seeds, tumbleweed, and cottonwood are all plants that aid in which type of pollination | wind-seed dispersal |
wheat, rice, maize, potatoes, cassava, and sweet potatoes come from what type of plants ? | angiosperms |
This encloses the flower | sepals |
These are brightly colored and are used to attract pollinators (birds, insects, animals) | petals |
These produce pollen on their terminal anthers | Stamen |
the male reproductive part | stamen |
These produces ovules | Carpels |
A group of carpels is called the: | pistil |
the female reproductive parts | Carpels/pistil |
_____ is the microgametophyte | pollen |
______ is the megagametophyte | Embryo sac |
These complete their lifecycle in 1 growing season, have a long blooming season, and must be replanted each year | Annuals |
Petunias, marigolds, cabbage, and okra are all examples of what type of plants ? | annuals |
These grow for three or more years and have a shorter blooming season | perennials |
Lilies, tulips, black-eyed susan, purple coneflower, and all trees and shrubs are examples of what type of plants | perennials |
These typically consists of a mature ovary but can also include other flower parts, protect seeds and aid in their dispersal, and can either be fleshy or dry | Fruits |
These trees loose all leaves for part of the year, the leaves usually turn color in the fall (real color), and are green from presence of chlorophyll | deciduous |
These trees maintain their leaves/needles throughout all seasons and leaves are replaced by new ones when they fall off, green color is always present | evergreen (coniferous) |
Roots rely on sugar produced by photosynthesis in the _____ system | shoot |
Shoots rely on water & minerals absorbed by the ____ system | root |
These are multicellular organs that anchor the plant, absorb minerals/water, and store organic nutrients | roots |
Water and mineral absorption occurs near the what ? | root hairs |
This system involves one main vertical root and gives rise to lateral roots, or branch roots | taproot system |
This system has thin lateral roots with no main root | fibrous root system |
seedless vascular plants and monocots have this system | fibrous root system |
These breathe air in habitats that have waterlogged soil; black mangrove swamps | Pnematophores |
These have an alternating system of nodes, internodes, an axillary bud, and an apical bud | shoots (stems) |
The points at which leaves are attached | nodes |
The stem segments between nodes | internodes |
A structure that has the potential to form a lateral shoot, or branch | axillary bud |
The terminal bud that is located near the shoot tip and causes elongation of a young shoot | apical bud |
The main photosynthetic organ of most vascular plants which consists of a flattened blade and a stalk called the petiole | leaf |
Joins the leaf to a node of the stem | petiole (stalk) |
These have parallel veins | monocots |
These have branching veins | eudicots |
This is the analysis of tree ring growth patterns, and can be used to study past climate change | Dendrochronology |
As a tree or woody shrub ages, the older layers of secondary xylem, the ________, no longer transport water and minerals | heartwood |
the older layer of secondary xylem, heartwood is replaced by the _______ for material transport through the xylem | sapwood |
The outmost type of ground tissue which functions for storage/support | cortex |
This is made up of xylem, phloem, and fiber cells (support) | vascular bundle |
The innermost type of ground tissue which functions for storage in roots and support in stems | Pith |
This is the site of growth | vascular cambium |
Dicot stems w/ herbaceous tissues that grow by stem elongation have what type of growth ? | primary growth |
Dicot stems w/ woody tissues that grow by increasing girth have what type of growth ? | secondary growth |
This stem has scattered vascular bundles | monocot |
This stem has a ring of vascular bundles | eudicot |
This is water & nutrient transporting tissue | xylem |
This is evaporation of water from leaves (through stomata) | Transpiration |
Transpiration pulls _____ up through _____, into _____, out ____ | water, roots, xylem, leaf |
This opens and closes to control gas exchange & water loss | stomata |
The guard cells of stomata control what ? | transpiration |
This transports sugars by translocation | Phloem |
Moving substances from high concentration to low concentration | translocation |
This is the plant embryonic tissue that never stops growing | Meristem |
This is the drain on water resources in arid regions; lowering aquifers | irrigation |
This is black/dark brown material typically consisting of a mixture of organic remains, clay, and rock particles | soil |
How can soil be described ? | by texture, depth, and by chemical properties |
What are the three types of soil in range of size (largest to smallest) ? | sand, silt, clay |
What are the four layers of soil ? | organic, surface soil, subsoil, and parent rock |
This layer of soil consists of living organisms & humus, also the decaying organic material | Layer O: Organic |
This layer of soil is topsoil consisting of mostly humus and some minerals, roots are present | Layer A: Surface soil |
This layer of soil consists of iron, clay, aluminum, and organic compounds | Layer B: Subsoil |
Layer C or soil is known as? | parent rock |
At which layer of soil is water & nutrients taken in? | Layer A: Surface soil |
Cations taken up from topsoil (surface soil) are taken up by the what ? | root hairs |
These adhere to negatively charged soil particles which prevents them from leaching out of the soil through percolating groundwater | Cations |
During __________, cations are displaced from soil particles by other cations | cation exchange |
__________ cations enter the soil solution and can be taken up by plant roots | Displaced |
This replaces mineral nutrients lost from the soil | Fertilization |
If leaves are completely green, they are: | Healthy |
If leaves are more purple than green, they are: | phosphate deficient |
If leaves are more reddish-yellow, they are: | potassium-deficient |
If leaves are more yellow- greenish with a tint of red, they are? | nitrogen-deficient |
Erosion is reduced by planting trees as _______, and practicing _______________ | windbreaks, no-till agriculture |
These leave crop residues standing for winter cover and crops are grown w/ minimal cultivation of the soil | conservation tillage (no-till agriculture) |
crops with higher organic matter do what ? | use water more efficiently |
conservation tillage= ? | higher soil quality |
Using plants to "detox" soils, removing radioactive Cesium-137, Uranium, and Stronium-90 (e.g. sunflowers) | Phytoremediation |
What three things remove radioactive contaminants and heavy metals from soils and groundwater? | india mustard, cabbage, and broccoli |
When dead plants provide energy needed by soil-dwelling microorganisms, this is called: | Bacterio-remediation |
This is the layer of soil bound to the plant's roots ? | rhizosphere |
This has high microbial activity because of sugars, amino acids, and organic acids secreted by roots | rhizosphere |
Land plants are informally grouped based on what ? | Presence/absence of vascular tissue |
Mosses, liverworts, and hornworts are what type of plants? | Nonvascular plants |
Conifers (evergreens) & flowering plants have what compared to ferns ? | SEEDS |
These three phyla of small herbaceous (nonwoody) plants are bryophytes | Hepatophyta, Anthocerophyta, and Bryophyta |
These are naked seed plants, conifers | Gymnosperms |
These type of plants have micropyle, nucellus, megasporocyte, and 1 ring of integument | Gymnosperms |
These type of plants have micropyle, nucellus, and a megasporocyte, but have 2 rings of integument, a funiculus, and seeds are protected by a coat | Angiosperms |
Club mosses, spike mosses, and quillworts are all what ? | Lycophytes |
Ferns, whisk ferns, and horsetails are all what ? | Pterophytes |
For ferns, mature gametophytes are haploid whereas mature sporophytes are what ? | Diploid (2n) |
Vascular plants with seeds have ______ gametophytes | Reduced |
Reduced gametophytes, ___________, ovules, pollen, and seeds are all derived traits of seed plants. Whatâs missing ? | Heterospory |
This gives rise to a male gametophyte | Microspore |
This gives rise to a female gametophyte | Megaspore |
These type of plants have reduced (usually microscopic) gametophytes that are dependent on surrounding sporophyte (dominant) tissue for nutrition | Seed plants |
These type of plants have reduced, independent (photosynthetic and free-living) gametophytes but sporophytes are still dominant | Ferns and other SEEDLESS vascular plants |
These type of plants have dominant gametophytes, but have reduced sporophytes that are dependent on gametophytes for nutrition | Mosses and other NONvascular plants |
Gymnosperm seeds are present in the cone whereas angiosperm seeds are present where ? | Enclosed in the fruit |
For what plants is water required for fertilization ? | Mosses & ferns |
Which type of plants donât require water for fertilization ? | Gynosperms & angiosperms |
Mangroves, nutrient poor soils, shallow soils, and shallow root systems have what type of roots ? | Horizontal (buttress) |
These type of roots are stress avoiding, found in mangroves & tropics | Adventitious (aerial) |
This is the swollen tip of the stolon | Tuber |
Where are tree rings visible and what are they used for ? | Where late & early wood meet, used to estimate treeâs age |
What happens to the older secondary phloem ? | Sloughs off & does not accumulate |
These are the layers below the epidermis | Collenchyma |
While secondary phloem sloughs off, what happens to secondary xylem (inside) ? | Becomes wood |
Where is the vascular cambium located? | Between the xylem & phloem |
This part of the tree consists of living phloem and the periderm which breaks down into the cork cambium & cork | Bark |
When does water go out? Is it when the stoma is opening or closing ? | Closing |
These were used in areas that were contaminated with Zinc, Copper, and Lead | Tomato plants |
These were used to remove explosive material | Duckweed & parrot feather |
The inoculation of seeds with rhizobacteria can do what ? | Increase crop yields |
Plants provide sugar for fungus and fungus does what in return ? | Increases the surface area for water uptake & mineral absorption |
Some invasive species disrupt interactions between what? | Native plants & their mycorrhizal fungi |
This appears as a bright yellow open cone and is ready for pollination. For âbeefâ tomatoes, 3-5 flowers should be allowed to develop on a healthy truss | Mature flower |
These are denoted by the appearance of bruises on the anther cone left by bumble bees clamping onto and pollinating the flower | Fertilized flower |
At this point, flower petals and anthers die and fall away as a pea sized green fruit appear at each termination of the flower truss. Typically, it takes 45-50 more days from this point before fruit is ready to harvest | Fruit set |
As a fruit enlarges, it remains light green in color and very firm (high turgor pressure). The fruit closest to the plant stem is the most mature, and thus largest in size | Immature fruit |
This type of plant has one cotyledon, pollen grains with one opening, and their floral organs are usually in multiples of three | Monocot |
This type of plant has two cotyledons, pollen grains with three openings, and their floral organs are usually in multiples of four or five | (Eu)dicot |