Term | Definition |
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) | -passageway for transport of materials with the cells
-synthesis of lipids |
Ribosomes | -site of protein synthesis |
Proteasomes | -site of destruction of misfolded or damaged proteins |
Golgi Apparatus | -synthesis of carbohydrates
-packaging of materials for secretion from the cell |
Mitochondria | -site of aerobic cell respiration--> production of ATP & heat |
Lysosomes | -containers for enzymes that digest ingested foreign material (bacteria) and digest and recycle damaged tissue or cellular parts (autophagy) |
Centrioles | -organizer of the spindles fibers for the distribution of chromosomes during cell division |
Cilia | -motile cilia sweep materials across the cell surface
-a sensory/ primary cilium detects chemical or mechanical signals from other cells or the tissue enviroment |
Flagellum | -long appendage that enables a cell to move (sperm cells) |
Microvilli | -folds of the cell membrane that increase a cell's surface area of absorption |
Cytoskeleton | -protein microfilaments that give shape to a cell, support membrane/ microvilli, and provide attachment & movement |
Isotonic | solution with salt concentration equal to that in cells |
Hypotonic | solution with salt concentration lower than that in cells |
Hypertonic | solution with salt concentration higher than that in cells |
Diffusion | movement of molecules from an area of greater concentration-->lesser concentration
Ex. exchange of gases in the lungs or body tissues |
Osmosis | diffusion of water
Ex. absorption of water by the small intestines/ kidneys |
Facilitated diffusion | molecules move through a membrane from an area of greater concentration --> lesser concentration
Ex. intake of glucose by most cells |
Active transport | requires energy of ATP to move molecules from an area of lesser conc. --> greater conc.
Ex. absorption of amino acids and glucose from food by the cells of the small intestine and sodium/ potassium pumps in the muscles & nerve cells |
Filtration | movement of water and dissolved materials are forced through a membrane from an area of higher pressure--> lower pressure
Ex. formation of tissue fluid in capillaries throughout the body; first step in the formation of urine in the capillaries of the k |
Phagocytosis | moving cell engulfs something
Ex. white blood cells engulf bacteria |
Pinocytosis | stationary cell engulfs something
Ex. cells of the kidneys tubules reabsorb small proteins |