Question | Answer |
defenses against any pathogen | innate immunity |
induced resistance to a specific pathogen | adaptive immunity |
eliminates harmful B cells | clonal deletion |
T-cell immunity | cellular immunity |
T cells mature in the | thymus |
2 types of T cells | helper T cells, cytotoxic t cell |
antibodies (Ab) interact with epitopes, or _________ | antigenic determinants in antigens (Ag) |
property of behaving as an antigen is _________ | antigenicity |
antibody = globular protein called _______ | immunoglobulin |
the number of antigen-binding sites determines _______ | valence |
amount of Ab in serum | antibody titer |
results when a person is challenged with an antigen that stimulates production of antibodies; creates memory, takes time, and is lasting | active immunity |
preformed antibodies are donated to an individual; does not create memory, acts immediately, and is short term | passive immunity |
acquired as part of normal life experiences | natural immunity |
acquired through a medical procedure such as a vaccine | artificial immunity |
antibody/ b- cell immunity | humoral immunity |
b cells mature where | in bone marrow |
b cell receptors (recognize) what | bacteria |
t cells produce what | cytokines |
type of t cell that binds to proteins on cell surface to initiate phagocytosis | t helper cells |
type of t cell that produces toxins to kill infected cells | cytotoxic t cells |
toxins used to kill infected cells | perforin and granzyme |
roles of B cells? | -produce plasma cells to kill infection
-produce memory cells |
how are b cells activated? | b cells bind to antigen |
function of plasma cells | produce antibodies, then flag t cells to kill bacteria |
good antigens are ______ & _______ | proteins; polysaccharides |
tip of antigen is called what? | variable region |
the correct b cell is selected because it has correct antibody for specific antigen | clonal selection |
when b cells dont replicate because they dont have the correct antibody | clonal deletion |
the right b cells keep producing plasma cells (to kill off infection) | clonal expansion |
roles of T cells? | -produce cytokines
-lyse target cells
-recognize intracellular pathogens |
what properties give better antigenicity? | higher foreignness, bigger size, shape, accessibility |
are proteins or lipids more antigenic? why? | proteins; lots of structures (good antigens) |
difference between antigens and epitopes? | epitopes: antigenic determinants
antigens: contain lots of epitopes |
how is a hapten different from an antigen? | hapten molecules are very small |
what is antibody valence? | # of antigen-binding sites |
what do antibodies look like? | a "Y" |
bivalence; makes up 80% of antibodies; most abundant; activates classical pathway | IgG antibody |
protective mechanisms of binding antibodies to antigens: | -agglutination
-opsonization
-neutralization
-(antibody-dependent cell-mediated) cytotoxicity
-activation of complement |
What is the difference of antibody titer between the primary and secondary immune responses? | -primary occurs after initial contact (have to produce antibodies)
-secondary (use memory cells): higher titer *more antibodies built up/faster* |
During vaccination, why booster shots are needed? | -primary response doesn’t last as long as secondary response
-losing streak is slow |
Which type of immunity, active or passive, lasts longer? Why? | Active immunity; stimulates production of antibodies (unlike passive) |
primary organs | Thymus & bone marrow |
secondary organs | Tonsils, spleen, lymph nodes |