Term | Definition |
Producers | Autotrophs |
Consumers | (Heterotrophs)
- Need to ingest organic molecules in preassembled form
- Chemical energy in bonds of food molecules |
Essential Nutrients | - Molecules wh/ must be ingested in preassembled form (cannot be synthesized by organism)
- Malnourishment: absence of 1 or more essential nutrients; protein deficiency |
Essential Amino Acids | 8 needed (for humans) able to synthesize other 12 (plants are an incomplete sources of essential aa) |
Essential Fatty Acids | "certain" unsaturated fatty acids; rare deficiency |
Essential Vitamins | 13 essential for humans
WATER SOLUBLE
- Vit. B: coenzymes
- Vit. C: connective tissue, immune system
FAT SOLUBLE
- Vit. A: responsible for pigment in eye
- Vit. D: calcium absorption by bone
- Vit E: antioxidant
Vit. K: aids in blood clotting |
Olestra | "fake fat" that cannot be digested |
Essential Minerals | Inorganic
Ex.
Iron - carries O2 in rbc and ETC
Calcium - bone/nerve conducting
Phosphorus - ATP/DNA/bone
Sodium & Potassium - osmoregulation/nerve conduction
Magnesium & Zinc - cofactors for enzymes |
Dietary Categories | 1. Herbivores - plants
2. Carnivores - meat
3. Omnivores - both |
Diverse Adaptations/Ways of Eating | 1. Suspension Feeders
2. Substrate Feeders
3. Fluid Feeders
4. Bulk Feeders |
Suspension Feeders | Eats food suspended in H2O
ex. Baleen whales + sponges |
Substrate Feeders | Eat what they live on/in
ex. caterpillars, earthworms |
Fluid Feedres | Eat nutrient rich fluid
ex. mosquitos, leeches (parasites feeding of blood from host)
hummingbirds, bees (nectar from flowers) |
Bulk Feeders | Eats large pieces of food
ex. Pythons |
4 Stages of Food Processing | 1. Ingestion - feeding
2. Digestion - breakdown into small molecules (intracellularly)
3. Absorption - nutrients into cells of body
4. Elimination - rid of digestive waste from food |
Gastrovascular Cavity | "sac" w/ one opening mouth/anus food in + waste out
ex. hydra, planarian + flatworm |
Alimentary Canal | |