Question | Answer |
What is Anatomy | the study of structure |
What is Physiology | the study of function |
What is proximal? | A point closer to the point of attachment of a limb then another point. |
What is distal? | A point farther from the point of attachment of a limb then another point |
The wrist is ___________ to the elbow | distal |
The wrist is _________ to the fingertips | proximal |
What is lateral? | Away from the midline |
What is medial? | Toward the midline of the body |
The eyes are _________ to the ears | medial |
The eyes are _______ to the nose | lateral (and slightly posterior) |
What is anterior | Toward the front |
What is posterior? | Toward the rear |
The heart is _______ to the spine | anterior |
The heart is _______ to the lungs | medial |
Name the levels or organization from smallest to largest | chemicals, cells, tissues, organs, organ system, organism |
The heart would be an example of what level or organization? | the organ level |
What level of organization is below (smaller) than the heart? | heart tissue (cardiac muscle tissue) |
What level of organization is above (larger) than the heart? | the cardiovascular system (includes the heart and blood vessels) |
What is homeostasis? | Feedback mechanisms to maintain variables within a normal range in the body such as pH, blood calcium or body temperature. |
Describe the two true layers of the skin | epidermis (thin, top layer, mostly cells) and dermis (thick layer made of connective tissues) |
Which layer is below the true skin and is mostly fat cells? | Hypodermis |
How do we tan? | Melanocytes in the epidermis are stimulated to produce and release melanin that covers the nuclei of dividing stem cells in the epidermis to protect their DNA. |
Why do we tan? | To protect our dividing stem cells from damaging UV rays that would cause mutations in the DNA potentially leading to skin cancer. |
Name the four cell types of the epidermis | Dendritic, keratinocytes, tactile, melanocytes |
Describe keratinocytes | The most abundant cell in the epidermis. Produces keratin protein that waterproofs and protects the surface of the skin. |
Distinguish between tactile and dendritic cells | Both are found in the epidermis. Tactile are in the stratum basale for sensory information and dendritic are throughout the epidermis for protection (1st line of defense) |
Name 6 functions of skin (and accessory structures) | protection, Vitamin D synthesis, thermoregulation, sensory, excretion of wastes (sweat), insulation (hair) |
What are the evolutionary benefits of darker skin at the equator? | The melanin shields the blood from strong UV rays protecting the folate from breaking down which could lead to severe birth defects. (skin cancer is individual protection but not evolutionary) |
What are the evolutionary benefits of lighter skin toward the poles? | Lighter skin can more easily synthesize vitamin D and is at less risk of folate damage because the UV rays aren't as strong. |
What are the functions of nails? | protection, increased sensory, scratching, manipulation |
What are the functions of hair | insulation, sensory, UV protection, cushions blows (head) |
What is the skin's role in thermoregulation (temperature regulation) | The skin helps cool the body by secreting sweat which evaporates and removes heat; dilating blood vessels to bring blood to the surface to lose heat. The skin helps warm the body by erecting the hairs to trap air and keep the body warmer. It constricts blood vessels at the skin to conserve body heat in the core. |