Question | Answer |
Dark matter of genome | Noncoding regions |
Function of 80% of human genome | Binds proteins and functional |
Provide criticial architectural planning | Noncoding regions |
Functions of noncoding protein sequences | 1. Promoter and enhancer
2. Binding sites for chromatin structure
3. Non coding regulatory RNAs
4. Transposons
5. Telomere & centromere |
~1% of SNP occur in ___________, those that do not, fall in ________ of the genome | Coding regions; Regulatory elements |
Underlie a large portion of human phenotypic diversity | Copy number variations (CNV) |
Length of DNA segments in nucleosomes | 147 bp |
Heterochromatin are cytochemically ________ and cytochemically ________ | Dense, inactive |
Portion of nuclear chromatin that regulates gene expression and dictates identity and activity | Unwound portion |
Exposes/obscures gene regulatory elements | Chromatin remodelling complexes |
Associated with histone marks that make DNA accessible to RNA polymerase | Active genes |
Associated with histone marks that enable DNA compaction into heterochromatin | Inactive genes |
AA that can be methylated in histones | Lys Arg |
Process associated with transcription activation/repression in histones | Methylation |
AA that can be acetylated in histones | Lys |
Opens up chormatin and increase transcription | Histone acetyl transferases (HAT) |
Condenses chromatin | Histone deacetylase (HDAC) |
AA that can be phosphorylated in histones | Ser |
High levels of this leads to transcriptional silencing | Methylation |
Bind to noncoding regions and control long-range looping of DNA | Chromatin organizing factors |
Has a central role in malignancy | Epigenome dysregulation |
Encoded by genes that are transcribed but not translated | Micro RNA and Long noncoding RNA |
Length of miRNA | 22 nucleotides |
Responsible for posttranscriptional silencing | miRNA |
Mimics MRNA | Small interfering RNAs (siRNA) |
Responsible for knockdown technology | siRNA |
pre-miRNA is processed in the | Nucleus |
Trims the pre-miRNA and its location | Dicer enzyme ; cytoplasm |
Acts as a scaffold to stabilize 2˚ or 3˚structures that influence chromatin structure | Long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) |
Worker of cell | Proteins |
Roads of cell | Actin fibers, microtubule |
Trucks of cell | Kinesin, dynein, myosin |
Factories of cell | Ribosome |
Recycling centers of cell | Lysosome |
Police of cell | Chaperones |
Post office of cell | Golgi apparatus |
Communications of cell | Signaling networks |
Serves as an electrostatic scaffold for intracellular proteins when phosphorylated | Phosphotidylinositol |
Phospholipase C | Phosphotidylinositol generates intracellular signals when phosphorylated by |
Component of plasma membrane that is restricted in the inner surface conferring a negative charge | Phosphatidylserine |
Becomes an "eat me" signal for phagocytes during apoptosis | Phosphatidylserine |
Serves as cofactor in blood clot | Phosphatidylserine |
Components of plasma membrane on the extracellular surface | Glycolipids and sphingomyelin |
Important in cell-cell, cell-matrix interactions like sperm-egg and inflammation | Glycolipids and sphingomyelin |
Important in horizontal interactions | Lipid rafts |
Proteins in lipid bilayer are synthesized in? | Cytosol |
Insertion of proteins into the membrane may occur through _____ anchors on the extracellular surface | Glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) |
Noncoated PM invaginations involved in potocytosis | Caveloae |
Transport of solute and/or bound ligand from one face of cell to another (apical --> basolateral) | Transcytosis |
Diameters of actin, intermediate and microtubules (resp.) | 5-9 nm, 10nm, 25nm |
Microfilaments made up from the most abundant cytosolic proteins | Actin |
Microfilaments that control shape and movement | Actin |
Microfilaments involved in skin and hair | Intermediate |
Microfilaments that impart tensile strength | Intermediate |
Microfilaments involved in Progeria | Intermediate |
Microfilaments that determine position of organelles and direct cell transports | Microtubule |
In microtubules, MTOC or centrosome is embedded in which end | - |
Long highways of cell | Microtubule |
Junction that restricts paracellular movement | Occluding (tight) |
Junction that sets a boundary between apical and basolateral | Occluding (tight) |
Junction that attach cells and cytoskeletons to other cells or ECM | Anchoring (desmosome) |
Junction that is small and rivet-like between cells | Spot desmosomes (macula adherens) |
Junction that is a broadband | Belt desmosome |
Junction that attaches cell to ECM | Hemidesmosome |
Transmembrane connector proteins hemidesmosomes | Integrins |
Include proteins that generate intracellular signals when cells are subjected to shear stress | Focal adhesion complex |
Junction that mediate passage of chemical or electrical signals | Communicating (gap) |
Pores that permite passage of chemicals | Connexons |
Location of protein modification | ER |
Site for synthesis of all transmebrane proteins and lipids for PM | ER |
Retain unmodified proteins in ER until modifications are complete | Chaperone |
Chaperons are found where? | ER |
Organelle involved in cystic fibrosis | ER |
Plays an important role in degrading cytosolic proteins bound to ubiquitin | Proteosome |
Part of mitochondria that harbors bulk of metabolic enzymes (citric acid cycle) | Matrix |
Site of ATP synthesis | Intermembrane space |
Contains the enzyme of respiratory chain | Inner membrane |
Source of molecules used to synthesize lipids, nucleic acids and proteins | Mitochondria |
Regulates balance between necrosis and apoptosis | Mitochondria |
Transcription factors are activated by what type of ligands | Lipid-soluble |
TF needed for growth | MYC & JUN |
Interstitial matrix of ECM is synthesized by what type of cell | Mesenchymal |
Basement membrane of ECM is synthesized by what type of cell | Overlying epithelium and underlying mesenchymal |
Major constituents of BM | Amorphous Type IV
Laminin |
Collagen is made up of ohw many polypeptide chains | 3 |
Diseases involving collagen | Osteogenesis imperfecta
Ehler Danlos |
Diseases involving elastin | Marfan syndrome |
Forms highly hydated gells that confer resistance to compressive forces | Proteoglycans |
Reservoir for growth factors secreted into ECM | Proteogylcans |
Most abundant glycoprotein in BM | Laminin |
Provides scaffolding for ECM deposition, angiogenesis and reepithelization of healing wounds | Fibronectin |
Play a critical role in platelet aggregation | Integrin |
Influenes locomotion, proliferation, shape & differentiation | |
Acquite the ability to phosphorylate protein substrates by forming complexes with cyclin | Cyclin-dependent kinases |
G1-S checkpoint is for | Monitoring of DNA integrity before DNA replication |
G2-M checkpoint is for | Ensuring accurate genetic replication for division |
Defective _____ allows development of malignant tumors | CDK1 checkpoint proteins |
In Warburg Effect, there is increase in __________, __________ and decrease in _______ | Cellular uptake of Glucose and Glu, glycolysis; Oxidative phosphorylation |
Embryonic stem cell location in blastocyst | Inner cell mass |
Adult stem cells are protected in | Stem cell niches |
Nuclease (originally in prokaryotes) used with CRIPS to correct DNA sequences | Cas 9 |