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Patho 1st Plating
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Dark matter of genome | Noncoding regions |
| Function of 80% of human genome | Binds proteins and functional |
| Provide criticial architectural planning | Noncoding regions |
| Functions of noncoding protein sequences | 1. Promoter and enhancer 2. Binding sites for chromatin structure 3. Non coding regulatory RNAs 4. Transposons 5. Telomere & centromere |
| ~1% of SNP occur in ___________, those that do not, fall in ________ of the genome | Coding regions; Regulatory elements |
| Underlie a large portion of human phenotypic diversity | Copy number variations (CNV) |
| Length of DNA segments in nucleosomes | 147 bp |
| Heterochromatin are cytochemically ________ and cytochemically ________ | Dense, inactive |
| Portion of nuclear chromatin that regulates gene expression and dictates identity and activity | Unwound portion |
| Exposes/obscures gene regulatory elements | Chromatin remodelling complexes |
| Associated with histone marks that make DNA accessible to RNA polymerase | Active genes |
| Associated with histone marks that enable DNA compaction into heterochromatin | Inactive genes |
| AA that can be methylated in histones | Lys Arg |
| Process associated with transcription activation/repression in histones | Methylation |
| AA that can be acetylated in histones | Lys |
| Opens up chormatin and increase transcription | Histone acetyl transferases (HAT) |
| Condenses chromatin | Histone deacetylase (HDAC) |
| AA that can be phosphorylated in histones | Ser |
| High levels of this leads to transcriptional silencing | Methylation |
| Bind to noncoding regions and control long-range looping of DNA | Chromatin organizing factors |
| Has a central role in malignancy | Epigenome dysregulation |
| Encoded by genes that are transcribed but not translated | Micro RNA and Long noncoding RNA |
| Length of miRNA | 22 nucleotides |
| Responsible for posttranscriptional silencing | miRNA |
| Mimics MRNA | Small interfering RNAs (siRNA) |
| Responsible for knockdown technology | siRNA |
| pre-miRNA is processed in the | Nucleus |
| Trims the pre-miRNA and its location | Dicer enzyme ; cytoplasm |
| Acts as a scaffold to stabilize 2˚ or 3˚structures that influence chromatin structure | Long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) |
| Worker of cell | Proteins |
| Roads of cell | Actin fibers, microtubule |
| Trucks of cell | Kinesin, dynein, myosin |
| Factories of cell | Ribosome |
| Recycling centers of cell | Lysosome |
| Police of cell | Chaperones |
| Post office of cell | Golgi apparatus |
| Communications of cell | Signaling networks |
| Serves as an electrostatic scaffold for intracellular proteins when phosphorylated | Phosphotidylinositol |
| Phospholipase C | Phosphotidylinositol generates intracellular signals when phosphorylated by |
| Component of plasma membrane that is restricted in the inner surface conferring a negative charge | Phosphatidylserine |
| Becomes an "eat me" signal for phagocytes during apoptosis | Phosphatidylserine |
| Serves as cofactor in blood clot | Phosphatidylserine |
| Components of plasma membrane on the extracellular surface | Glycolipids and sphingomyelin |
| Important in cell-cell, cell-matrix interactions like sperm-egg and inflammation | Glycolipids and sphingomyelin |
| Important in horizontal interactions | Lipid rafts |
| Proteins in lipid bilayer are synthesized in? | Cytosol |
| Insertion of proteins into the membrane may occur through _____ anchors on the extracellular surface | Glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) |
| Noncoated PM invaginations involved in potocytosis | Caveloae |
| Transport of solute and/or bound ligand from one face of cell to another (apical --> basolateral) | Transcytosis |
| Diameters of actin, intermediate and microtubules (resp.) | 5-9 nm, 10nm, 25nm |
| Microfilaments made up from the most abundant cytosolic proteins | Actin |
| Microfilaments that control shape and movement | Actin |
| Microfilaments involved in skin and hair | Intermediate |
| Microfilaments that impart tensile strength | Intermediate |
| Microfilaments involved in Progeria | Intermediate |
| Microfilaments that determine position of organelles and direct cell transports | Microtubule |
| In microtubules, MTOC or centrosome is embedded in which end | - |
| Long highways of cell | Microtubule |
| Junction that restricts paracellular movement | Occluding (tight) |
| Junction that sets a boundary between apical and basolateral | Occluding (tight) |
| Junction that attach cells and cytoskeletons to other cells or ECM | Anchoring (desmosome) |
| Junction that is small and rivet-like between cells | Spot desmosomes (macula adherens) |
| Junction that is a broadband | Belt desmosome |
| Junction that attaches cell to ECM | Hemidesmosome |
| Transmembrane connector proteins hemidesmosomes | Integrins |
| Include proteins that generate intracellular signals when cells are subjected to shear stress | Focal adhesion complex |
| Junction that mediate passage of chemical or electrical signals | Communicating (gap) |
| Pores that permite passage of chemicals | Connexons |
| Location of protein modification | ER |
| Site for synthesis of all transmebrane proteins and lipids for PM | ER |
| Retain unmodified proteins in ER until modifications are complete | Chaperone |
| Chaperons are found where? | ER |
| Organelle involved in cystic fibrosis | ER |
| Plays an important role in degrading cytosolic proteins bound to ubiquitin | Proteosome |
| Part of mitochondria that harbors bulk of metabolic enzymes (citric acid cycle) | Matrix |
| Site of ATP synthesis | Intermembrane space |
| Contains the enzyme of respiratory chain | Inner membrane |
| Source of molecules used to synthesize lipids, nucleic acids and proteins | Mitochondria |
| Regulates balance between necrosis and apoptosis | Mitochondria |
| Transcription factors are activated by what type of ligands | Lipid-soluble |
| TF needed for growth | MYC & JUN |
| Interstitial matrix of ECM is synthesized by what type of cell | Mesenchymal |
| Basement membrane of ECM is synthesized by what type of cell | Overlying epithelium and underlying mesenchymal |
| Major constituents of BM | Amorphous Type IV Laminin |
| Collagen is made up of ohw many polypeptide chains | 3 |
| Diseases involving collagen | Osteogenesis imperfecta Ehler Danlos |
| Diseases involving elastin | Marfan syndrome |
| Forms highly hydated gells that confer resistance to compressive forces | Proteoglycans |
| Reservoir for growth factors secreted into ECM | Proteogylcans |
| Most abundant glycoprotein in BM | Laminin |
| Provides scaffolding for ECM deposition, angiogenesis and reepithelization of healing wounds | Fibronectin |
| Play a critical role in platelet aggregation | Integrin |
| Influenes locomotion, proliferation, shape & differentiation | |
| Acquite the ability to phosphorylate protein substrates by forming complexes with cyclin | Cyclin-dependent kinases |
| G1-S checkpoint is for | Monitoring of DNA integrity before DNA replication |
| G2-M checkpoint is for | Ensuring accurate genetic replication for division |
| Defective _____ allows development of malignant tumors | CDK1 checkpoint proteins |
| In Warburg Effect, there is increase in __________, __________ and decrease in _______ | Cellular uptake of Glucose and Glu, glycolysis; Oxidative phosphorylation |
| Embryonic stem cell location in blastocyst | Inner cell mass |
| Adult stem cells are protected in | Stem cell niches |
| Nuclease (originally in prokaryotes) used with CRIPS to correct DNA sequences | Cas 9 |
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