Question | Answer |
Any process of change through time. | Evolution. |
Any remains or traces of a once living organism. | Fossils. |
Ways to preserve whole organisms from decay. | Trap it in amber, ice, or tar. |
What hard parts of an organism can be preserved? | Bones, shells, and teeth. |
The process by which the body of a dead organism is slowly replaced by dissolved materials. | Petrifaction. |
Fossils are formed at the bottom of bodies of water in which the sediments gradually settle and cover the bodies of dead organisms. | Sedimentation. |
What trace of dinosaurs, besides fossils, has been left behind? | Footprints. |
What traces did worms and burrowing animals leave behind? | Tubes and tunnels. |
The upper layer contains ____________ and _________ complex organisms. | Younger, more. |
The lower layer contains _____________ and ____________ complex organisms. | Old, less. (Primitive) |
Sequence of changes in the complexity and type of organisms. | 1. Unicellular
2 Simple multi cellular
3. Complex multi cellular |
Illustrates the hypothetical evolution of organisms and their relationships to other species. | Phylogenetic trees. |
The study of structural similarities and differences among living things. | Comparative anatomy. |
Structures found in different types of organisms that have the same basic arrangement of parts and a similar embryonic development. | Homologous structure. |
Examples of homologous structures. | Whale flipper and human arm. |
Why are the whale's flipper and human's arm homologous structures? | Same pattern and number of bones. |
Structures found in different types of organisms that are similar function or outward appearance, but are dissimilar in basic structure or embryonic development. | Analogous structures. |
Examples of analogous structures. | Bird and insect wing. |
Remnants of structures that were functional in some ancestral form. | Vestigial structure. |
Examples of vestigial structures. | Tailbones, wisdom teeth, appendix. |
Embryos of organisms believed to be closely related because they show similar patterns of development. | Comparative embryology. |
The composition and structure of the biochemical compounds in different species can be compared. | Comparative biochemistry. |
Examples of comparative biochemistry. | Amino acid sequence, hormones, enzymes, proteins, DNA, and blood. |
Believed that changes in the species occurred because of a striving of organisms for improvement. | Lamark. |
Lamark believed that evolution was based on the _________ of an organism. | Needs. |
The more an animal uses a particular part of its body, the stronger and better it becomes, proposed by Lamark. | Law of use and disuse. |
Lamark's assumption that a trait acquired during the lifetime of an individual can be transmitted to its offspring. | Inheritance of acquired characteristics. |
Said acquired characteristics cannot be acquired with the mouse experiment. | Weismann. |
Said evolution occurred because of natural selection. | Charles Darwin. |
The idea that organisms with favorable characteristics are better able to survive and reproduce than organisms not as well adapted. | Natural selection. |
The four steps of Charles Darwin's theory. | 1. Overproduction
2. Competition
3. Survival of the fittest
4. Evolution caused by favorable variation |
Discovered mutations and proposed that mutations are the source of new traits that permitted evolution to occur. | DeVries. |
How did DeVries improve Darwin's theory? | He explained how variation occurs. |
Two populations of the same species may become separated by a geographic barrier like a body of water or a mountain range. | Geographic isolation. |
Populations of the same species have diverged enough that they can not longer interbreed. | Reproductive isolation. |
Examples of reproductive isolation. | Finches and squirrels. |
Examples of evolution in organisms. | Moths, bacteria, insects. |
Evolution occurs gradually and continuously. | Gradualism. |
Species remains the same for a long period of time with sudden and brief intervals of change. | Punctuated equilibrium. |
The hypothesis that the first organic compounds were formed by natural chemical processes on the primitive earth. | Heterotroph hypothesis. |
According to the heterotroph hypothesis, what were the first types of organisms on earth like? | Hetertropic, simple, unicellular, anaerobic, prokaryotes, bacteria. |
The original atmosphere had no _____________. | Oxygen. |
Primitive earth was much ___________ than it is now. | Hotter. |
Sources of heat of the primitive earth. | Lightning, solar radiation, radioactivity. |
Sequence of life on earth. | 1. heterotrophs
2. anaerobic respiration
3. carbon dioxide
4. autotrophs
5. oxygen
6. aerobic respiration |