Question | Answer |
homozygous | 2 of the same allele (AA, aa) |
Heterozygous | 2 different alleles (Aa) |
Dominant | this allele shows up (A) |
Recessive | this allele can be hidden (a) |
Genotype | the genetic make up (Aa, aa, AA) |
Phenotype | physical appearance (i.e. hair color) |
traits | Characteristics that are inherited |
alleles | Different forms of a gene |
Punnett square | A diagram for predicting the allele composition of offspring from a cross between individuals of known genetic makeup. |
Incomplete dominance | A pattern of inheritance in which two alleles, inherited from the parents, are neither dominant nor recessive. The resulting offspring have a phenotype that is a blending of the parental traits. |
Codominance | A condition in which both alleles for a gene are fully expressed |
Multiple alleles | A gene that has more than two alleles |
mutation | a change in a DNA sequence |
silent mutation | point mutation that does not change the resulting protein (change in a base, but no change in protein function) |
missense mutation | point mutation that changes one amino acid in the resulting protein |
nonsense mutation | point mutation that inserts a stop codon and shortens the resulting protein |
frame-shift mutation | changes how bases are grouped into codons, or the reading frame of the gene |
chromosomal deletion | chromosomal mutation that removes a large segment of genetic material |
chromosomal duplication | mutation that causes genes to be repeated on the same chromosome |
chromosomal inversion | mutation that flips the order of genes on a chromosome |