| Question | Answer |
| Dominant | The allele that masks the expression of the recessive allele. |
| Gene | The location of the chromosome that contains instructions for a particular trait. |
| Alleles | Different forms of a gene. |
| Phenotype | The physical characteristics of an organism. |
| Chromosomes | Strands of genetic material inside the cell that contain information that codes for the traits of an organism. |
| Genotype | The genetic makeup of an organism. |
| Recessive | The allele who's expression is masked by the dominant allele. |
| Homozygous | When an organism has two identical alleles for a particular gene. |
| Heterozygous | When an organism has two different alleles for the same gene. |
| Genetic Material | Genetic information in an organism that is is passed down from generation to generation. |
| How are genetic traits inherited from one generation to the next? | Through asexual and sexual reproduction. |
| What is an inherited trait? | A characteristic that an organism can pass on to its offspring through its genes. |
| What is an acquired trait? | A characteristic that an organism gets (acquires) from its environment after it is born. |
| We sometimes see a mixture of inherited traits (from our genes) and acquired traits (from the environment ). What is an example in this situation? | Possible examples: skin color (genes+amount of sunlight)
Possibility of getting cancer (genes+ lifestyle choices like smoking) |
| What are the two types of reproduction? | Asexual and sexual reproduction. |
| Asexual reproduction occurs when.... | only one parent is responsible for a new organism. |
| In Asexual reproduction, is the offspring genetically identical to the parent? | Yes. |
| In Asexual reproduction, from how many parents do the offspring inherit genes? | One parent. |
| Give an example of an inherited trait. | Examples: natural hair color, skin color (before getting tan), eye color (minus the colored contacts. |
| Give an example of an acquired trait. | Examples: Tattoos, dying your hair, plastic surgery, cutting the tails of doberman pincers. |
| How many types of asexual reproduction are there? | 2 types. |
| Name the kind(s) of asexual reproduction. | -Budding
-(Binary) Fission, also know as mitosis. |
| The process where a single celled organism replicates its DNA and splits resulting in two organisms is called? | Fission. |
| During _______________ a part of a parent develops into a new organism and breaks off. | Budding. |
| During sexual reproduction, a(n) ______ and a(n)_______ unite to form a(n)_________. This process is called_____________ | line 1.) egg
line 2.) sperm
line 3.) offspring
line 4.) fertilization |
| What are sex cells? | An egg and a sperm |
| How many chromosomes are found in human sex cells? | 23 |
| How many chromosomes (genes) do all the cells in your body have except for your egg and sperm cells? | 46 |
| How many chromosomes do you get from your mom and dad each? | 23 |
| In ___________ reproduction, the product is not genetically identical to the parent. | Sexual |
| What is variation? | differences in a population |
| What is genetics? | The study of heredity. |
| The passing of physical characteristics from parent to offspring is known as ____ and we study this when we study genetics. | Heredity |
| Who was the first person to study how traits were passed down from generation to generation? | Gregor Mendel |
| GregorMendel was a monk who lived in a monastery true or false? | True |
| When did Gregor Mendel start his work? | 1851 |
| What plants did Gregor Mendel work with? | pea plants |
| Give 4 reasons why Mendel chose pea plants. | -They have a 90 day reproduction cycle.
-They are self pollinating.
-They have two distinct forms of each trait. Big and Small no mediums.
-They have a large number of offspring. |
| What interested Mendel about peas? Give 2 examples. | -They had very odd traits (different sizes and shapes)
-The pea plants were similar to their parents traits. |
| Trait | A physical characteristic passed from parent to offspring. |
| True or False: Mendel could control which plants reproduced. | True. |
| Do flowering plants have both male and female parts? | Yes. |
| What parts of the flower are male? | The stamen which consist of the anther and filament |
| What parts of the flower are female? | The pistil or carpel which consist of the style ovary and ovule. The stigma is also female. |
| The part of the plant that develops into a seed after fertilization is called the________. | ovule |
| The delivery of male sex cells to the female part of a plant is known as_________. | pollination |
| Blue, green, hazel, and brown are major __________ of eye color found in humans. | Variations |
| The pistil or carpel is the _______. | egg |
| The stamen is the __________. | sperm |
| What is a "cross" | The pollen from one flower's stamen goes on the pistil of a second flower. |
| What did Mendel's experiments start with with? | Pure breds |
| What is a purebred? | A parent organism that always produces offspring with the same trait as the parent.(T T or t t) |
| Whats a genetic cross? | "crossing" two parents that produce an offspring |
| Offspring=________ (latin for _____)= ____ generation | line 1.) filial
line 2.) son
line 3.) F1 |
| Genes are factors that control traits: true or false? | True. |
| For EVERY trait how many alleles(letter/gene) do you get from each parent? | One( one from an egg and one from a sperm) |
| What are the letters for gender? | X and Y. |
| What are the alleles for a boy? | XY |
| What are the alleles for a girl? | XX |
| What allele do you always get from mom? | X |
| What possible alleles do you always get from dad? | X or Y |
| How many alleles (letters) make a genotype? | 2 alleles(letters) |
| Is a dominant allele shown by a uppercase letter or a lower case letter? | Uppercase |
| What are examples of a recessive inherited disorder? | cystic fibrosis or sickle cell anemia |
| In order for you to have cystic fibrosis or sickle cell anemia do both parents need to have the disorder? | No. |
| In order for you to have cystic fibrosis or sickle cell anemia both parents must have the gene for the disorder. True or False? | True |
| "Hetero"=_________ __________ | different alleles (letters)
examples:= TT or tt |
| hybrid=________ | heterozygous |
| "Homo"= ___________ | the same
TT or tt |
| Purebred=_______________ | homozygous |
| Mendel was the first to accomplish ___________ ______________ by ___________ _______ | genetic engineering selective breeding |
| Was Mendel's work discredited? | Yes |
| What is selective breeding? | The process of choosing (selecting) traits in wild or domesticated plants and animals.
Examples: dog breeds, cat breeds, horse breeds, tomato breeds, and corn breeds. |
| What is Mendel is considered to be? | The Father of Genetics. |
| The likelihood that a particular event will occur is known as _______________. | Probability |
| True or False: In probability all events are independent of the events before them. | True. |
| Did Mendel use punnet squares? | No. |
| Who was the first scientist to recognize that the principles of probability can be used to predict the results of genetic crosses? | Mendel |
| Whats a punnet square? | A chart that shows the possible allele combinations from a genetic cross. |
| What always determines the sex of an offspring? | The sperm cell
from your dad. |
| What is co- dominance? | When both alleles are neither dominant nor recessive.
Both alleles are expressed
example-chicken |
| Whats incomplete dominance? | refers to a genetic situation in which one allele does not completely dominate another allele, and therefore results in a new phenotype.
Example- skin color( basically a mix is all it is) |
| Are blood types in humans co dominant? | Yes |
| Dominant traits and recessive traits in blood type ____________ | Coexist |
| What are the alleles for blood type? | I super script A, I super script B, and i. |
| MOVING ON TO RICE | |
| What are some major traits in rice? | - Color
-Size |
| What are variations (different options) of rice traits? | - Color- black, beige, white
-Largest? Smallest? |
| Whats an important trait in rice? | How much starch is in the rice grain. |
| Starch is a ______________. | carbohydrate (CHO) |
| What does CHO contain? | carbon(C) hydrogen(H) oxygen (O) |
| An odorless, tastless, complex sugar is known as____________. | starch |
| What does starch provide when eaten? | Energy. |
| How does rice get energy? | From the sun during a process called photosynthesis. |
| Can you transform energy? | Yes. |
| You can change or break energy: True or False. | False |
| What happens during photosynthesis? | Green plants take in water and carbon dioxide. Plants absorb sunlight which is energy needed to drive photosynthesis. Then plants release oxygen and waste to make carbohydrate called glucose (sugar). |
| What are the reactants in the photosynthesis chemical equation? | Carbon dioxide and water. |
| What are the products in the photosynthesis chemical equation? | Oxygen and glucose. |
| Word equation for photosynthesis? | Water+carbon dioxide yields (makes) oxygen+ glucose |
| What do plants use glucose for? | They use glucose for their life functions and growth. |
| Where is extra glucose stored in for a plant? | In the seeds or roots. |
| What part of the plant do us humans often eat? | Seed or roots |
| What do we do with CHO? | We break it down and convert it into energy we can use. |
| Name 4 things rice provides us with. | - starch( energy source)
-minerals
-vitamins
-Amino Acids. |
| Amino Acids help make proteins that we need (incomplete protein which means you need to eat it with something else like beans to make a complete protein. | No answer |
| What is Malnutrition? | A condition that results when a person lacks the proper amount to proper type of food. |
| TIPS ON GRAPHING | |
| TITLES: THE EFFECT OF THE IV ON THE DV(USE WHEN YOU ARE CONTROLLING IV AKA RUNNING EXPERIMENT) | |
| USE UNITS AND NEED AVERAGE AS PART OF TITLE | |
| PERFECT TITLE- THE EFFECT OF THE TYPE OF EXERCISE ON THE AVERAGE BREATHING RATE. (NUMBER OF BREATHS PER MINUTE) | |
| Y VERSUS X (USE ONLY WHEN YOU ARE COLLECTING DATA, NOT RUNNING THE EXPERIMENT) | |
| X AXIS- ALWAYS INDEPENDENT VARIABLE (TYPE OF EXERCISE) | |
| Y AXIS- ALWAYS DEPENDENT VARIABLE (NUMBER OF BREATHS PER MINUTE) | |
| ALWAYS GRAPH AVERAGES (ADD ALL THE DATA AND DIVIDE BY THE NUMBER OF DATA) | |
| NEVER USE FIRST AND LAST LINE | |
| SPACE BETWEEN EACH PIECE OF DATA | |
| SAME COLOR UNLESS DATA HAS TWO DIFFERENT THINGS (attached ear lobe detached ear lobe) | |
| DATA TABLE | |
| TITLE FOR DATA TABLE-THE EFFECT OF THE IV WITH UNITS ON THE DV WITH UNITS | |
| IV WITH UNITS ON RIGHT | |
| DV WITH UNITS ON LEFT MIDDLE ABOVE TRIALS | |
