Question | Answer |
Where is the highest point of the shoulder? | Acromion |
What is an extension of the scapular spine? | acromion |
8 carpal bones | Scaphoid, lunate, triquetral, pisiform
trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate |
What is Colle's fracture? | fracture of the distal end of radius |
What is the most fractured carpal bone? | scaphoid |
Carpal Tunnel | passageway from the wrist to the hand, the carpal tunnel is made of tendons, ligaments, and bones |
Carpal tunnel syndrome | numbness and tingling in the hand and arm caused by a pinched nerve in the wrist |
What nerve in carpal tunnel would be compressed? | median nerve |
What symptoms does carpal tunnel cause? | weakness in the thenar eminence |
What is the shoulder joint formed? | articular capsule, coracohumeral ligament, glenohumeral ligament, glenoid labrum, four bursae |
What are the actions of the shoulder joint? | flexion, extension, hyperextension, abduction, adduction, medial rotation, lateral rotation, circumduction |
Does the shoulder joint have the most freedom of movement than any joint of the body? | yes |
What is the dislocated shoulder? | dislocated joint, head of the humerus becomes displaced inferiorly |
How is the wrist joint formed? | distal end of the radius and lunate, scaphoid, and triquetrum |
Which muscles make up the "rotator cuff"? | supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, subscapularis |
What muscle insert on the greater tubercle of the humerus? | pectoralis major, supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor |
What muscle origin or insert to the coracoid process of the scapula? | pectoralis minor, coracobrachialis, bicep brachii |
What muscles attach to or run in the intertubercular sulcus of the humerus? | pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi, teres major |
How is the brachial plexus formed? | rami (roots)- 5 ventral rami (C5-T1)
trunks- upper, middle, & lower, form division
divisions- anterior & posterior serve front & back of limbs
cords- lateral, medial, posterior fiber bundles |
the 3 cords and nerves | lateral cord: musculocutaneous & part of median nerves
medial cord: part of median nerve & ulnar
posterior cord: axillary and radial |
What nerve supplies the deltoid and teres minor muscles? | axillary |
What nerve supplies most of hand muscles? | ulnar |
What nerve supplies latissimus dorsi? | thoracodorsal |
What nerve supplies Biceps brachii and brachialis? | musculocutaneous |
What is the condition called Winged scapula? | paralysis of serratus anterior |
What nerve is injured in winged scapula? | long thoracic nerve |
What muscle is paralyzed in winged scapula? | anterior serratus |
Which nerve injury would lead to wrist drop? | radial |
What muscles does the axillary nerve supply? | deltoid and teres minor |
What is the consequence with the axillary nerve injury? | paralysis to the muscle innervated by it, deltoid muscle, result in a reduction in shoulder abduction |
Axillary nerve | Distribution: deltoid, teres minor |
Axillary nerve injury | surgical neck of humerus fracture
causes paralysis to the muscle innervated by it |
Musculocutaneous nerve | Distribution: flexors- coracobrachialis, bicep brachii, & brachialis |
Radial nerve | Distribution: essentially all extensor muscles also, brachioradialis |
Median Nerve | Distribution: flexors of forearm EXCEPT flexor carpi ulnaris & ulnar half of flexor digitorum profundus |
Median nerve injury | median nerve palsy- numbness, tingling, pain in palm & fingers, inability to pronate the forearm & flex the proximal interphalangeal joint |
Dorsal scapular nerve | Distribution: levator scapula, rhomboid major & minor |
Long thoracic nerve | Distribution: anterior serratus |
Long thoracic nerve injury | winged scapula: paralysis of the serratus anterior |
Suprascapular nerve | Distribution: supraspinatus & infraspinatus |
Thoracodorsal nerve | Distribution: latissimus dorsi |
Upper Subscapular nerve | Distribution: subscapularis |
Lower Subscapular nerve | Distribution: subscapularis, teres major |
Lateral Pectoral nerve | Distribution: pectoralis major |
Medial Pectoral nerve | Distribution: pectorals major and minor |
Pectoralis minor | Origin: 2-5 / 3-5 ribs
Insertion: coracoid process
Action: abducts scapula & rotates it downward |
Serratus Anterior "boxer muscle" | Origin: 1-8 / 1-9 ribs
Insertion: vertebral border & inf. angle of scapula
Action: abducts scapula & rotates it upward |
Trapezius | Origin: Occipital bone, ligaments nuchae, C7-T12 (only muscle with this origin)
Insertion: clavicle, acromion, spine of scapula
Action: elevates, adducts, depresses scapula, rotates scapula upward (only muscle that can do all 3) |
Levator Scapulae | Origin: transverse process C1-4
Insertion: superior vertebral border of scapula
Action:elevates scapula |
Rhomboid major | Origin: Spine T2-T5
Insertion: vertebral border of scapula inferior to spine
Action: elevates & adducts scapula & rotates it downward |
Rhomboid minor | Origin: Spine C7-T1
Insertion: vertebral border of scapula superior to spine
Action: elevates & adducts scapula & rotates it downward |
Pectoralis Major | Origin: clavicle, sternum
Insertion: greater tubercle, intertubercular
Action: adducts & medially rotates arm, flexes |
Latissimus dorsi | Origin:spine T7-L5, iliac rest
Insertion: intertubercula sulcus of humerus
Action: adducts, medially rotates, extends |
Deltoid | Origin:clavicle, acromion, spine
Insertion: deltoid tuberosity
Action: abducts, flexes, medially rotates |
Subscapularis | Origin: sub capular fossa
Insertion: lesser tubercle
Action: medially rotates |
Supraspinatus | Origin: supraspinous fossa
Insertion: greater tubercle
Action: abducts arm |
Infraspinatus | Origin: infraspinous fossa
Insertion: greater tubercle sulcus of humerus
Action: laterally rotates and adducts arm |
Teres Major | Origin: inferior angle of scapula
Insertion: intertubercular
Action:adducts, medially rotates, extends |
Teres Minor | Origin: lateral border of scapula
Insertion: greater tubercle of humerus
Action: laterally rotates and adducts arm |
Coracobrachialis | Origin: coracoid process
Insertion: middle of medial shaft of humerus
Action: flexes and adducts arm |
Biceps Brachii | Origin: supraglenoid tubercle of scapula, coracoid process
Insertion: radial tuberosity
Action:flexes, supinates |
Brachialis | Origin: distal ant. surface of humerus
Insertion: ulna tuberosity & coronoid process
Action: major flexor |
Brachioradialis | Origin: lateral border of distal humerus
Insertion: process of radius
Action: flexes, supinates, pronates |
Triceps Brachii | Origin: infraglenoid, medial & lateral of humerus
Insertion: olecranon process
Action: extends forearm & arm |