Question | Answer |
What is found on the 5' end of the DNA strand? | a phosphate group |
semiconservative DNA replication | each daughter DNA molecule is composed of one original strand and one new strand |
what are the characteristics of Okazaki fragments? | they are made by DNA polymerase III, they make up the lagging strands of replicated DNA, they begin with RNA primer, they are joined together by DNA lligase |
what processes are involved in protein synthesis? | translation only |
during transcription, RNA polymerase makes mRNA by "reading" what strand of DNA | template |
using the genetic code, what amino acid is coded by the mRNA codon AAA? | lysine |
what the anticodon attach to? | the mRNA codon |
genes | segments of DNA that codes for a functional product |
chromosomes | genes essential for survival |
plasmid | extra chromosomal DNA that replicate independently not essential for normal bacterial metabolism, growth or reproduction, can confer survival advantages |
gene expression | gene activity leads to a protein product in a cell (protein synthesis) |
complementary base pairing | 5 prime end is down and 3 prime end is up |
what are the 5' and 3' ends | the way the DNA replicate, the newly made "leading strand" is synthesized continuous and the newly made "lagging strand is synthezised discontinuously |
antiparallel | complementary DNA strands are antiparallel newly made strands have to run 5 prime to 3 prime |
which strand of DNA is continuous | the leading strand |
what is the origin of replication | direction of leading parental strand |
DNA helicase | unwinds DNA and creates replication fork pull apart double strand of DNA |
Stabilizing proteins | bind to prevent reannealing, it keeps the DNA strands apart |
replication forks | it moves as replication takes place |
the lagging strand is | discontinuous |
DNA polymerase (III) AND (I) | used to help put in RNA primers, binds and adds nucleotides to hydroxyl group at 3 end of nucleic acid. It replaces RNA primer with DNA |
RNA primer | complementary to "moms" DNA to nucleotides |
RNA polymerase | synthesizes short RNA sequencing called primers= starting points for DNA synthesis |
DNA ligase | seals gap between okazaki fragments |
okazaki fragment | short, newly synthesized DNA fragments |
RNA | single strand and is composed of the sugar ribose, substitutes uracil for thymine |
mRNA | carries genetic information to ribosomes |
rRNA | found in ribosomes |
tRNA | transfers amino acids to the ribosomes where the protein product is synthesized (transfer) |
transcription | DNA transcribed to RNA |
translation | RNA translated to form polypeptides |
coding strand | strand of DNA that codes for a protein, it is the same as the mRNA except for substitution bases- uracil thymine |
template strand | complementary to coding strand, this is the strand that is transcribed to make mRNA |
codon | reading the genetic code three bases at a time |
operon | group of genes that work together and helps regulate gene expression |
what are the components of the operon | promoter, operator, structural genes |
operator | DNA segment, repressor protein binds to prevent the attachment of promoter gene |
promoter | DNA segment where the RNA polymerase attaches to being transcription |
structural genes | code for specific proteins |
inducible operons | gene usually not transcribed, must be turned off by a substance |
repressible | gene always transcribed (on) must be turned off |
mutation | change in sequence of bases within a gene |
mutagens | agents that cause mutations |
point mutations | single base at one point in the DNA sequence is inserted, deleted, or substituted by another base |
frameshift mutations | one or several base pairs are deleted or inserted in to the DNA sequence, shifts from the "transitional reading frame" |