Question | Answer |
What are the 2 layers of the skin? | Epidermis and Dermis |
Which is the outer, thinner layer? | Epidermis |
Which is the inner, thicker layer? | Dermis |
What is the epidermis composed of? | Keratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelium |
In the epidermis, from deepest to most superficial, the cells pass through the layers in what order? | 1. Stratum Basale
2. Stratum Spinosum
3. Stratum Granulosum
4. Stratum Lucidum
5. Stratum Corneum |
Stratum Basale | deepest layer, cell division occurs
a single row of cuboidal or columnar keratinocytes |
Stratum Spinosum | 8-10 rows, keratinocytes |
Stratum Granulosum | 3-5 rows of flattened keratinocytes, contain granules |
Stratum Lucidum | 3-4 rows, dead keratinocytes, thick skin only |
Stratum Corneum | 25-30 rows of dead keratinocytes with keratin, most keratin protein |
Which stratum has the greatest amount of keratin protein? | Stratum Corneum |
Keratinocytes | in the epidermis, produce keratin, provides protection |
Merkel Cells | in the epidermis, function in the sensation of touch along with adjacent tactile (Merkel Discs) |
Langerhans Cells | in the epidermis, involved with immune responses |
Melanocytes | in the epidermis, produce the pigment of melanin |
Which stratum is found in the thick skin but not in the thin skin? | Stratum Lucidum |
Where does thick skin locate? | palms
soles
fingertips |
What are the 2 regions of the dermis? | Superficial papillary region (areolar connective tissue)
Deeper Reticular Region (dense irregular tissue) |
What type of cells in the dermis? | connective tissue, areolar connective tissue, collagen and elastic fibers, dermal papillae, corpuscles of touch, free nerve endings, dense irregular connective tissue, adipose cells |
What are the dermal papillae and what do they contain? | they stimulate hair growth
they contain corpuscle of touch and free nerve endings |
What make the skin to able to stretch and recoil? | elastic fibers |
3 pigments that are responsible for skin color? | melanin
carotene
hemoglobin |
What cells produce melanin? | melanocytes |
what causes Albinism? | the defect of tyrosinase |
What causes cyanosis? | lack of oxygen |
What are the functions of the integumentary system? | protect the body, retain body fluids, protect against disease, eliminate waste products, and regulate body temperature, synthesis vitamin d |
What 2 type of tissues make up the subcutaneous layer? | adipose and areolar connective tissue |
What is the commonest form of skin cancer? | Basal Cell Carcinoma |
What type of skin cancer is most likely to metastasize? | Melanoma |
Are skin color and family history considered as risk factors for skin cancer? | yes |
Melanomas ABCD characteristics rule | A: Asymmetry, 2 sides of the pigmented area don't match
B: border is irregular and exhibits indentations
C: Color (pigmented area) is black, brown, tan, or red/blue
D: Diameter is larger than 6mm (size of pencil eraser) |
First degree burn | only in epidermis, mild pain, ERYTHEMA, NO BLISTERS, skin functions remain intact |
Second degree burn | Destroys a portion of the epidermis and possible parts of the dermis, redness, BLISTERS, edema, pain, some functions lost |
Third degree burn | Destroys a portion of the epidermis, underlying dermis, and associated structures. most functions lost |
Rule of Nines | head/ neck: 9%
anterior & posterior trunk: 18% x2
Upper limb: 9% x2
Lower limb: 18% x2
Perineum: 1% |