Question | Answer |
Inductive reasoning | Specific observations to a general principle. |
Deductive reasoning? | If, then statement made from inductive reasoning. |
Explain why the truth of a hypothesis cannot be proven conclusively via deductive reasoning. | There are always alternatives |
Describe scientific theory. | Powerful, broad explanation for related observations. |
Describe characteristics of a scientific hypothesis. | Has to be testable and falsifiable. |
Define hypothesis! | Proposed explanation for observations. |
What are the four steps of the scientific method? | 1. Make observations
2. Form Hypothesis
3. Experiment
4. Form A Conclusion |
Define variables. | Factors that may change. |
Define independent (experimental) variables. | Those Manipulated by researchers |
Define dependent (response) variables. | Those not changed by the researcher. Observable effects can be measured. |
Define control in terms of the experimental method. | Used for comparison. Everything stays the same but 1 variable. |
Strategies for minimizing bias when designing experiments, | Blind & double blind studies. |
Properties associated with living things | Composed of cells, growth, movement, reproduction, responds to stimuli, metabolize, maintains homeostasis, evolve |
Define elements. | Fundamental forms of matter. |
Define atoms. | Smallest units of an element. |
Protons charge and location | Positive, nucleus |
Neutrons charge and location | Neutral, nucleus |
Electrons charge and location | Negative, electron cloud |
Atomic number | Number of protons in the nucleus |
Ions | Atoms with an electrical charge |
Molecule | 2 or more atoms held together by chemical bonds. |
Describe hydrogen bonds. | Positive hydrogen attracted to something negative |
Properties of water that make it important in living things | Being a good solvent, being cohesive, moderating temperature, facilitating chemical reactions. |
Hydrophobic | Water fearing |
Hydrophilic | Water loving |
Reactants | Solutes that are changed |
Products | Results; what you end up with |
Organic chemistry | All organisms contain carbon |
Importance of carbon in living organisms | Carbon interacts with other elements to produce more complex molecules that make up all living things |
acid | more hydrogen ions |
base | more hydroxide |
pH scale | acid has a pH lower than 7 base has a pH higher than 7 neutral is 7 |
polymer | large organic molecule |
monomer | subunits |
monomer and main functions of carbohydrates. examples... | Major source of energy for cells. Monosaccharide, disaccharides, polysaccharide |
monomer and main functions of proteins. examples... | structural components of cells, form animal muscle cells, form enzymes, form channels through which substances are transported. hemoglobin, keratin, hormones, collagen |
function of enzymes. | enzymes accelerate and regulate chemical reactions |
peptide bonds | covalent bond used to form polypeptides |
components of lipids | hydrophobic molecules made of hydrocarbons (fatty acid tails) |
structure and function of each of the three types of lipids | fats: store energy, steroids: helps maintain fluidity of the plasma membrane, phospholipids: glyucerol molecule, two fatty acid tails and a phosphate group |
monomer of nucleic acid | nucleotide |
three components of a nucleotide | sugar, phosphate, nitrogen base |
two types of nucleic acids and functions | RNA: For protein synthesis DNA: stores genetic information |
prokaryotic cells | small and microscopic, simple, no nucleus, no organelles, cell walls. |
theory of evolution | all life on earth derives from a single common ancestors |
role of natural selection in diversification | process of gradual changes in characteristics of population over time. |
eukaryotic cells | larger, single celled or multicellular, complex, genetic material in nucleus, membrane-bound organelles, some have cell walls. |