Term | Definition |
Who is Mendel? | scientist who made genetic breakthroughs by studying peas |
Why did Mendel use peas for his research? | rapid growth and he could manually control who mated with who |
P generation- | true-breeding parents |
F1 generation- | p generation hybrid offspring |
F2 generation- | second filial generation |
True-breeding- | over many generations of self-pollination they only produce the same variety as the parent plant |
What was the ratio of all of Mendel’s initial experiment? | 3/4 to ¼ |
Phenotype- | expression of a physical trait |
Alleles- | alternate versions of genes |
Genotype- | genetic makeup |
Dominant allele- | determines appearance |
Recessive allele- | has no noticeable effect on appearance |
Segregation- | two alleles for a heritable character segregate during gamete formation and end up in different gametes. |
Punnett square- | diagraming tool used to predict allele formation |
Homozygous- | a pair of identical alleles |
Heterozygous- | two different alleles for the same gene |
Multiplication rule- | the probability of two independent events occurring in combination is equal to the product of their separate probabilities |
Incomplete dominance- | situations in which a heterozygote for a character doesn’t show a complete dominance/recessive relationship |
Co-dominance- | when an organism is heterozygote for a character and both alleles affect the phenotype in separate, distinguishable ways. |
Pleiotropy- | when a single gene has many phenotypic effects (i.e. sickle cell) |
Epistasis- | a gene at one location alters the expression of a gene at another location |
Polygenic inheritance- | many genes influence a particular character |
Quantitative characters- | often show polygenic inheritance patterns |
Environmental impact on phenotype- | how environment can influence phenotype |
Multifactorial characters- | affected by many factors i.e. genotype and environment |
The norm of reaction: | the pattern of phenotypes produced by a given genotype under different environmental conditions |
Narrow norm of reaction- | albinism, ABO blood type, Huntington disease |
Broader norm of reaction | skin color, height, IQ |