Question | Answer |
What are the 4 types of mutation ranges? | 1. Silent. 2. Slight. 3. Severe. 4. Lethal (high mortality) |
How do you detect a nutritional mutant? | Create a plate culture and replicate it on to 2 plates, 1 with all req. and 1 without. If bacteria grow outside of expected colonies on plate w/o req. then they are mutants |
How do you detect resistant mutants? | Add antibiotic or bacteriophage and look for zones of inhibition. If bacteria are present then they are resistant |
How do you detect a mutant bacteria based on colony morphology? | It will be pigmented and rough instead of clear and smooth |
What are the 3 basic types of mutations? | 1. Base-pair substitutions. 2. Frameshift. 3. Back Mutations (reversions) |
WHat are the 3 types of base-pair mutations? | 1. Missense-faulty protein. 2. Nonsense-stop codon inserted in wrong place. 3. Silent-normal protein |
What are the 2 types of Frameshift mutations? | 1. Insertion. 2. Deletion |
What is a back mutation and its' 2 types? | It is a phenotype that was lost after a wildtype mutation and is then restored. 1. Same-site. 2. Second site- A new mutation compensates for original mutation |
What are 3 ways that you can induce mutations? | 1. Chemically. 2.Radiation. 3. Biological |
What is the Ames test? | Method for testing if a compound causes mutations. It is a mutagen test not a carcinogen test |
What are 3 types of vertical inheritance and evolutionary mechanisms? | 1. Accumulation of neutral mutations with time. 2. Gene loss. 3. Horizontal gene transfer |
Is GC contant a reliable way to classify bacteria? | No |
How effective is DNA hybridization in classifying bacteria and how is it done? | Heat up DNA an separate strands, combine and cool to find hybridization levels. It is effective for close relatives only |
What is the definition of a BBOM species? | >70% hybridization |
What are 4 housekeeping genes? | DNA Poly, RNA poly, ATPase, Ribosomal components |
What is the most effective way to classify bacteria? | 16S RNA gene |
Why is 16S RNA the best phylogenetic marker? | It is present in all cells, Carries out the same function is all cells, and is alignable |
How do you read a phylogenetic tree? | The branch lengths are representative of the evolutionary distance between 2 organisms |
On a phylogenetic tree, what do you call the point where most branches radiate from? | The Main Radiation |
What is homologous recombination? | Genetic exchange between to DNA sequences. Rec A is important |
What are the 4 types of genetic exchange? | 1.Homologous recombination. 2. Transformation. 3. Transduction. 4. Conjugation |
What is Transformation? | Donor DNA is free in the environment and is taken up by a bacterium. Rec A recombinates new DNA into old |
What is Transduction? | Donor DNA is transformed by a virus |
What are the 2 types of transduction? When do they occur? | 1. Generalized: DNA from any part of a chromosome is transferred (low freq), occurs in lytic cycle. 2. Specialized: A specific part of chromosome is transferred (high freq)Occurs in lysogenic cycle |
What is Conjugation? | Cell to Cell contact, a conjugative plasmid is transferred from a donor |
What are the 4 types of plasmids that are transferred by conjugation? | 1. Fertility Factor. 2. Resistance Factor. 3. Virulence Plasmids. 4. Metabolic |
What are 3 types of Conjugation? | 1. F+ &F-, recipient becomes F+. 2. High Freq Recombination(recipient doesn't change into donor). 3. F* conjugation (Donor breaks off during conjugation, makes recipient Fprime) |
What species of Cytophaga manifest as an infection in catfish? | Cytophaga columnaris |
What do Cytophaga use to move? | Gliding with a polysaccharide slime |
Are Cytophaga hutchinsonii able to digest crystalline cellulose? | Yes |
What species of Cytophaga cant grow above 30 degrees? | Cytophaga psychropila |
What causes the orange-yellow pigment in Cytophaga? | Flexirubin pigment |
Nitrospira can live in both marine and non-marine environments, true or false? | True |
Nitrospira is a what? | Chemolithoautotroph |
Marine life would die due to toxic amounts of what if Nitrospira weren't there? | Ammonia |
What are mutations? | They are heritable changes in sequence of nucleic acid |
What gives spirochetes their cork-screw movement? | Internalized periplasmic flagella |
Diseases from Treponema pallidum and Borrelia? | Syphilis & Lyme |
Spirochetes sweep food into mouths of? | Mussels |
Thermatoga have outermembrane sheath, T/F? | True |
Thermotoga % archaea? | 25% |
Deep lineage & Hyperthermophilic abilities? | 1 of first bacterial organisms |
How does Chylamidia muridarum replicate? | Inclusions |
Life cycles of Chlamydia Trachomatis | Reticulate and Elementary |
High genomic diversity in Chlamydia? | Plasticity Zone |
Cyanobacteria are primary colonizers, T/F? | True |
Deadly blue-green algae reaction? | Blooms |
Cyanobacteria perform oxygenic photosynthesis and what? | Respiration |
Gram Positive grow on what agar? | Phenyethyl alcohol agar |
Aureus grows on what? | Mannitol-Salt |
What temp does Deinococcus Geothermalis grow? | 47 |
Deinococcus Ficus originally isolated from? | Rhizosphere of a Ficus plant |
Where is Deinococcus radiodurans found? | Antarticas dry valley and elephant feces |