Question | Answer |
Organic compounds. | Very complex compounds that contain both the elements carbon and hydrogen. |
Types of organic compounds. | Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. |
How many covalent bonds can carbon have with other atoms? | Four. |
Inorganic compounds. | Simple compounds that do not contain carbon and hydrogen. |
Examples of inorganic compounds. | Water, mineral salts, acids, bases. |
*Note: H=Hydrogen, C=Carbon, C followed by a letter does not mean carbon!* | :D |
What elements are carbohydrates made up of? | Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. |
What is the building block of carbohydrates? | Glucose (Chemical formula- C6H12O6). |
How are carbohydrates shaped? | Like a ring. |
In carbohydrates, ____________ and ___________ have a ratio of (_____:_____). | Hydrogen, oxygen, 2:1. |
Examples of carbohydrates and their type. | M- Glucose, fructose, galatose.
D- Sucrose, maltose, lactose.
P- Starch, cellulose, glycogen.
(The corresponding ones become each other when synthesized.) |
Types of carbohydrates. | Monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides. |
Dehydration synthesis. | Starts small and simple and becomes large and complex, chemical processes by which two molecules are joined to form a larger molecule, water gets removed. |
Hydrolysis. | Large molecules are broken down into smaller molecules by the addition of water. |
Uses of Carbohydrates. | ENERGY, make cell structures, can be converted to fats and proteins, stored in the form of starches. |
What elements are lipids composed of? | Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. |
Examples of lipids. | Fats, oils, and waxes. |
Building blocks of lipids. | Fatty acid and glycerol. |
Ratio of Hydrogen to Oxygen of a lipid. | Greater than 2:1. |
Dehydration synthesis of a lipid formula. | 3 fatty acids + 1 glycerol -------------> 1 lipid +3 water. |
Hydrolysis of a lipid formula. | 1 lipid + 3 water -----------------> 3 fatty acids + 1 glycerol. |
Uses of lipids. | Store energy, structural compounds of cell membranes, insulation for warmth. |
What elements are proteins composed of? | Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus. |
Building blocks of proteins. | Amino acid. |
Parts of the amino acid structure. | Amino group (left), Variable (bottom R), carboxyl group (right). |
Dehydration synthesis of a protein formula. | Amino acid + amino acid -----------------> dipeptide + water. |
What joins the nitrogen and carbon together? | A peptide bond. |
Hydrolysis of a protein formula. | Dipeptide + water --------------------> amino acid + amino acid. |
Uses of proteins. | Makes cell structure, growth, repair cells, sends signals to cells (receptor proteins), pigments in skin and eyes. |
Examples of proteins. | Enzymes (catalyze chemical reactions), antibodies (defense against invaders), hormones (chemical messengers). |
Formula for dehydration synthesis of carbohydrates. | C6H12O6 + C6H12O6 -----------------> C12H22011 + H20. |
Formula for hydrolysis of carbohydrates. | C12H22O11 + H20 -----------------> C6H12O6 + C6H12O6. |
What elements do nucleic acids contain? | Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, phosphorus. |
Examples of nucleic acids. | DNA and RNA. |
Building block of nucleic acids. | Long chain of repeating units known as nucleotide. |
Each nucleotide consists of a 5 carbon _________ bonded to a _________ group and a _________ __________. | Sugar, phosphate, nitrogenous base. |
Nitrogenous base. | Organic base that contains nitrogen. |
What are the nitrogenous base pairing rules for DNA? | Adenine to thymine, cytosine to guanine. |
Shape of DNA? | Double helix (twisted ladder) and double stranded. |
Function of DNA. | Directs and controls the development and activities of all cells in an organism. |
Where is DNA found and created? | The nucleus. |
What attaches nitrogenous bases to one another? | Weak hydrogen bonds. |
RNA shape. | Single stranded. |
What sugar does RNA contain? | Ribose. |
Base pairs of RNA. | Adenine to uracil, guanine to cytosine. |
Function of RNA. | Assists in protein synthesis. |
Three types of RNA. | mRNA, tRNA, rRNA. |
DNA's sugar. | Deoxyribose. |