Question | Answer |
The sum of All chemical reactions and workings of a cell | Metabolism |
Synthesis of cell molecules and structures
Also known as biosynthesis | Anabolism |
Breaks the bonds of larger molecules to release energy | Catabolism |
Speed up the rate of a chemical reaction without becoming part of the products or consumed in the reaction
Start chemical reaction | Catalyst |
Are biological catalyst | Enzymes |
Metabolism accomplishes what | Assemble smaller molecules into large macromolecules for the cell,utilizing ATP
degrades macromolecules into smaller molecules, a process they yields energy |
What are the reaction molecules upon which enzymes act | Substrates |
_________ binds to substrates and participate directly in Cisneros to the substrate | Enzymes |
Consist of protein alone | Simple enzymes |
Contain protein and some other nonprotein molecule | Conjugated enzymes (HOLOENZYMES) |
The two protein molecules are __________&_________ | Simple enzymes & conjugated enzymes |
Protein portion of the enzyme | Apoenzymes |
Nonprotein portion | Cofactor |
Organic factors | Coenzyme |
Actual site where the substrate Nimda | Active site or catalytic site |
Organic compounds that work worth the apoenzyme to alter the substrate | Coenzyme |
Transfers electrons from one substrate to another and DEHYDROGENASE transfer to hydrogen from one compound to another | Oxidoreductases |
Transfer hydrogen from one compound to another | Transferase |
Cleaves bonds on molecules with the addition of water | Hydrolase |
Adds groups or removes groups from double bonded substrates | Lyases |
Change a substrate to its isomeric form | Isomerase |
Catalyze the formation of bonds with the input of ATP and the removal of water | Ligases |
Transported extracellular extracellularly
Breaks down large food molecules or harmful chemicals | Exoenzymes |
Retained intracellularly and function there
Most enzymes of metabolic pathways | Endoenzymes |
Always present in relatively constant amounts, regardless of the cellular environment | Constitutive enzymes |
Production is turned on (induced) or turned off (repressed) in response to changes in concentrated substrate | Regulated enzymes |
Loss of electrons
A compound that loses electrons is oxidized | Oxidation |
Gain of electrons | Reduction |
Considered ______ or ______ because they contribute to disease | Virulence factors, toxins |
A molecule that resembles the substrate occupies the active site, preventing the substrate from binding | Competitive inhibition |
Enzymes have two binding sets
A binding site and regulated site
Regulated by the binding of molecules other than the substrate to the regulatory site | Noncompetative inhibition |
Releases energy as they go forward
Energy is avaliable for doing cellular work | Energetic reactions |
Require the addition of energy to move forward | Endergenic reactions |
Redox reactions always occur in pairs called | Redox pairs |
What is the most common electron carrier | NAD |
NAD reduced is what? | NADH+H1 or NADH |
Oxygen is the final electron acceptor | Aerobic metabolism |
Organic or inorganic compounds | Anaerobic metabolism |
Need to know | Adenosine Triphosphate |
Nitrogen base | Adenine |
5 carbon sugar | Ribose |
Adenine
Ribose
Three phosphate groups bonded to the ribose | Adenosine Triphosphate |
Generation of ATP through a transfer of a phosphate group from a phosphorylated compound directed to ADP | Substrate level phosphorylation |
A series of redox reactions occurring during the final phase of the respite ryann pathway | Oxidative phosphorylation |
ATP formed through a series of sunlight driven reactions in phototroph | Photophosphorylation |
What are the the basic catabolic pathways | Aerobic respiration , anaerobic respiration , fermentation |
Is most commonly used to break down glucose | Glycolysis |
Series of reactions that convert glucose and CO2 and allows the cell to recover significant amounts of Energy | Aerobic respiration |
What are the steps to aerobic respiration? | Glycolysis
The kerbs cycle
Electron transport chain |
Utilizes glycolysis the kerbs cycle and the electron transport chain
â¢final electron acceptor can be NO3-,SO42-,CO32- | Anaerobic respiration |
Electron transfer from fuel molecules to oxygen as a final electron acceptor | Aerobic respiration |
Is enzymatically converted to pyruvic acid | Glucose |
Utilized in several pathways by many organism | Pyruvic acid |
Pyruvic acid is the fizzy converted to acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl CoA) before it enters the ________ ______ | Krebs cycle |
Must know | ALL REACTIONS THAT OCCUR IN THE KREBS CYCLE HAPPEN TWICE FOR EACH GLUCOSE MOLECULE BECAUSE TWO PYRUVATE ARE FORMED DURING GLYCOLYSIS |
What are the main products of the Krebs cycle? | Reduced NADH and FADH2
2ATP produced through substrate level phosphorylation |
Stationed asking the membrane in closet association with the EST carriers
Captures released energy from the EST carriers | ATP synthase |
The coupling of ATP synthesis to electron transport
Each NADH that enters the ETS gives rise to 3 ATP molecules | Oxidation phosphorylation |
As the electron transport carriers shuttle electrons hydrogen jobs are actively pumped into the periplasmic slave or the space between the cell wall and the cytoplasmic membrane | Chemiosmosis |
Consist of differences in charge between the outside of the membrane (+) and the inside (-)
H+ can only diffuse into the membrane through ATP synthase | Proton motive force |
What is the total production of ATP | 40 |
Aerobic respiration | 4 glycolysis
2 Krebs cycle
34 electron transport
2 ATP Expended in early glycolysis
MAXIMUM OF 38 ATP PER MOLECULE OF GLUCOSE |
Catalyzed by cytochrome oxidase
React with oxygen to remove water
2H+ +2e- +1/2O2-->H2O | The terminal step |
Nitrate reductase catalyze the removal of oxygen from NO3- reducing it to NO2- AND H2O | Nitrate and nitrite reduction systems |
Takes out nitrogen
Takes out oxygen
Only wants to have nitrogen gas N2 | Denitrification |
Yield a small amount of ATP | Fermentation |
Occurs in yeast
Covers pyruvic acid to ethanol | Alcoholic fermentation |
Pathways are extremely varied
Homolactic fermentation
Heyerolactic fermentation | Acidic fermentation |
Lactic acids bacteria reduce pyruvate to Lactic acid only | Homolactic fermentation |
Glucose us formated to a mixture of lactic acid,acetic acid,and carbon dioxide | Heyerolactic fermentation |
Breaks down fatty acids joined to glycerol | Lipases |
Breakdown protein to their amino acid components | Proteases |
Most catabolic pathways contain strategic molecular intermediates that can be diverted into anabolic pathways | Anphibolism |
A compound that is the source of another compound | Precursor molecule |
Pyruvate is a starting point for glucose synthesis | Gluconeogenisis |
Can be converted into one of several amino acids | Acetyl CoA as a precursor |
Pathways that synthesis purine and pyramidines originate in the amino acids | Precursors to DNA and RNA |
Crucial role of glucose in metabolism and energy utilization | Carbohydrate biosynthesis |
20 amino acids are needed to make | Proteins |
Proceed only in the presence of sun light | Light dependent reactions |
Proceed regardless of the lighting conditions | Light independent reaction |
Produce phosphate in light reaction
Through Calvin cycle | Photophosphorylation |
Occurs in the chloroplast stromal or the cytoplasmic of cyanobacteria | The Calvin cycle |
Dominant type on earth
Occurs in plants algae and cyanobacteria | Oxygenic (oxygen releasing) photosynthesis |
Occurs in green and purple bacteria that utilize bacteriochlorophyll | Anoxygenic photosynthesis |