Question | Answer |
Are acquired from the environment and used for cellular activities | Nutrients |
Any substance, whether in elemental or molecular form that must be provided to an organism | Essential nutrient |
Required in relatively large quantities
play principal roles in cell structure and metabolism | Micronutrients |
Present in smaller amounts
Involved in enzymes function and maintenence of protein structure | Micronutrients |
Simple molecule that contains a combination of atoms than carbon and oxygen | Inorganic Nutrients |
Contain carbon and hydrogen atoms
usually the product of living things | Organic Nutrients |
An organism that must obtain is carbon in organic form
dependent on other life forms | Heterotroph |
Self feeder
Not dependent on other living things | Autotroph |
Indispensable to DNA,RNA,&ATP | NITROGEN SOURCE |
Nitrogen must be converted to _____ before it enters the cell | NH3 |
Major component of carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids and proteins | Oxygen Source |
Maintain pH
form hydrogen bonds between molecules | hydrogen sources |
Main inorganic source is PO4
come from H3PO4 | Phosphorus Source |
Microbes that photosynthesize | Phototroph |
Microbes that heron energy from chemical compounds | Chemotrophs |
Capture energy from light rays and transform into chemical energy that can be used for cell metabolism | Photo autotroph |
Use organic compounds for energy and inorganic compounds as a carbon source CARBON | Chemo autotroph |
Chemo autotroph that produce methane from hydrogen gas and carbon dioxide | Methanogens |
Derived both carbon and energy from organic molecules
organic molecules processed through respiration or fermentation and produce ATP | Chemo heterotroph |
Principle energy yielding pathway in animal,protozoa, fungi, and aerobic bacteria | Aerobic respiration |
Free LIVING microorganisms that feed primarily on organic detritus from dead organisms | Saprobes |
Derive nutrients from the cell or living tissues of host | Parasites |
live on or in the body and cause some degree of harm to the host
consisted pathogens bc they can damage tissues and cause death | Parasitic Microorganisms |
Live on the body | Ectoparasites |
Live in organisms and tissues | Ectoparasites |
Live within cells | Intracellular parasites |
Unable to live outside of a living host | Obligate parasites |
The movement of molecules across the cell membrane
ex. Tea | Diffusion |
The external environment is equal to the cell's internal environment
EQUAL | Isotonic conditions |
The movement of water across a selective permeable membrane | Osmosis |
pure H20
HYDRATION
cells without walls can sell and burst | Hypotonic Conditions |
High osmotic pressure forces water to diffuse out of the cell
DEHYDRATION | Hypertonic conditions |
Pond H2O | HYPOTONIC CONDITIONS |
Wet (soaked)
the rate of transport of a substance is limited by the number of binding sites on the transport protein (no more binding sites) | Saturation |
Big one wins! Two molecules of the same shape can bind to the dame binding site I'm the carrier | Competition |
Transport nutrients against a concentration gradient or with a concentration gradient at a faster rate | Active Transport |
Transport large molecules, particles, or liquids across the cell membrane by certain eukaryotes | Endocytosis |
Range of temperatures die given microbial species | Cardinal Temperature |
The lowest temperature that permits a microbes continuous growth abs metabolism | Minimum temperature |
Highest temperature at which growth and metabolism can process | Maximize temperature |
Intermediate temperature range between maximum and Minimum | Optimum temperature |
Three Categories:
those that use oxygen and can detoxify it
those than can neither issue oxygen nor detoxify it
those that do not use oxygen but can detoxify it | Gas Categories |
Extremely reactive molecule produced both by living and nonliving processes | Singlet Oxygen (O) |
O2- | Superoxide ion |
H2O2 | Hydrogen peroxide |
OH- | Hydroxyl radicals |
Destructive metabolic byproducts of oxygen | Superoxide,hydrogen peroxide,hydroxyl radials |
Can use gaseous oxygen in its metabolism | Aerobe (Aerobic organism) |
An organism that cannot frown without oxygen | Obligate aerobe |
An aerobe that does not require oxygen for its metabolism
Capable of growth in the absence of oxygen | Facultative anaerobe |
Doesn't grow at normal atmospheric conditions of oxygen | Microaerophile |
Lacks the metabolic enzyme system for using oxygen
STRICT or OBLIGATE ANAEROBES can't tolerate free oxygen and will die in its presence | Anaerobe |
don't utilize oxygen
can survive and grow to a limited extent in it's presence | Aerotolerant Anaerobes |
The degree of alkalinity (or basicity) of a solution expressed on a scale from 0-14 | pH |
Neutral at a pH of 7.0 | Pure water |
As the pH value increases towards 14 | Alkalinity increases |
As the pH decreases towards 0 | Acidity increases |
Require high concentrations of salt for growth | Obligate Hali Halophiles |
Resistant to salt, even though they don't normally reside in high salt environments | Facultative Halophiles |
Require an acidic environment for growth | Obligate acidophiles |
Require basic environment to grow | Alkalinophiles |
Deep sea microbes | Barophiles |
A generous term used to denote a situation in which TWO organisms LIVE together in a CLOSE partnership | Symbiosis |
Exist when organisms live in an OBLIGATORY butt MUTUAL beneficial relationship | Mutualism |
Commensal and coin habitat are what? | Commensalism |
Receives benefits | Commensal |
Neither harmed nor benefitted | Coinhabitant |
Arises when one member provides nutritional or protective factors needed by the other | Satellitism |
Host and parasite are examples of what | Parasitic Parasitism |
Provides the parasitic microbe with nutrients and a habitat | Host |
Multiplication of the parasite usually harm most to some extent | Parasite |
Arises when members of a community compete | Antagonism |
The production of inhibitory compounds, such as antibiotics | Antibiosis |
An interrelationship between two or more free living organisms that benefits both but is not necessary for their survival | Synergism |
Parent cell enlarges | Binary fission |
The time required for a complete fission cycle | Generation time or (doubling time) |
The growth pattern of microbes
number of cells as a function of time | Exponential growth |
A predictable pattern of growth in a population | Growth curve |
What is the Basis of Population Growth ? | Binary fission |
Population enters survival mode | Stationary growth phase |
Curves Dips downward | Death phase |
Flay period on the graph when the population appears not to be growing | Lag phase |
Period during which the growth curve increases dramatically | Exponential growth or log phase |
What term describes an organism that lacks superoxide dismutase and catalyst enzymes? | obligate anaerobes |