Term | Definition |
fluid mosaic model | the term we use to describe the diverse structure of the phospholipid bilayer membrane |
selective permeability | the ability of a membrane to allow certain molecules through at certain times |
diffusion | the tendency of molecules of the same kind to separate from each other in a solution |
concentration gradient | the amount of one molecule on one side of a membrane as there is on the other side |
passive transport | the ability of a molecule to diffuse across a membrane without any energy cost |
osmosis | is the spontaneous net movement of solvent molecules through a semi-permeable membrane into a region of higher solute concentration, in the direction that tends to equalize the solute concentrations on the two sides. |
tonicity | the ability of a surrounding solution to gain or lose water |
hypotonic | a solution with a concentration lower than that of the cell |
isotonic | same solution on both sides |
hypertonic | a concentration higher than outside |
facilitated diffusion | the use of a transport protein to allow passive transport |
aquaporin | a transport protein that allows water to be removed and added o the cell in vast quantities |
active transport | the process of using energy to move a type of solute out or in to the cell |
exocytosis | the process of moving materials from inside the cell to outside |
endocytosis | the process of moving materials outside of the cell to the inside |
phagocytosis | a type of endocytosis where a quantity of material is engulfed by the membrane and then pinched of to form a vesicle |
receptor mediated | similar to phagocytosis receptors capture a specific type of molecule and then follow the process of phagoctyosis |
energy | the ability of an object or organism to do something |
kinetic energy | the energy of a moving or working object |
thermal energy | the energy of random movement within the molecules of an object |
heat | the intensity or unit of measure for an amount of thermal energy |
potential energy | the ability of an object to have kinetic energy, stored energy in preparation to be released |
chemical energy | the energy stored in chemical bonds in molecules |
thermodynamics | the study of energy transformation in a collection of matter |
first law of thermodynamics | energy cannot be created or destroyed only transferred |
entropy | the measure of disorder or reactions in a sytem |
second law of thermodynamics | the more energy conversions in a system the more disorderly it will become |
exergonic | releases energy |
endergonic | stores energy |
metabolism | the total of chemical reactions in an organism |
metabolic pathway | a series of metabolic reactions |
ATP | adenosine triphosphate, currency of the cell |
phosphorylation | the process of creating a molecule of atp using atp synthase |
enzyme | a type of protein that accelerates ( catalyzes) chemical reactions |
activation energy | the barrier or cost of energy to make a chemical reaction |
substrate | the specific type of molecule that an enzyme bonds to while catalyzing |
active site | the part of the substrate that the enzyme attaches to |
induced fit | the natural shape of an enzyme connecting to a substrate |
competitive inhibitor | a molecule that binds to an enzyme that is not a substrate, making the enzyme functionless |
noncompetitive inhibitor | an inhibitor that alters the shape of an enzyme |
the increase of receptors in an environment with an increase in insulin demonstrates a what kind of relationship | a negative relationship |
the fluid mosiac model describes what | the actions and archetechture of the phospholipid bilayer and the proteins embedded in it |
membrane phospholipids are able to do what in the plasma membrane | create a phospholipid bilayer |
the cholesterol in animals cells is used for what | for rigidity and storage |
what drug would you suggest as a productive avenue for drug development | one that inhibits the production of a negative protein |
what can you conclude form the fact that certain anti-inflammatories prevent the natural reactions in the blood stream | they inhibit enzymes they are not supposed to |
know statements describing why a membrane is like a control center such as | |
what characteristic promoted lipids to become cell membranes | the fact that they have water hating outsides and self attractant insides |
the plasma membrane is similar in | structure and function |
small nonpolar hydrophobic molecules such as fatty acids easily pass | phospholipid bilayer |
which of the following substances would have the hardest time crossing through a bilayer | sodium |
know statements about photo synthesis and cellular respiration | |
how do cells capture the energy released by cellular respiration | in atp |
the processes that create energy are complimentary, during these energy conversions some energy is | reused, lost |
respiration is, and cellular respiration is | the process of breathing, the process of creating atp |
products of cellular respiration to make....... and ....... | energy and store |
statements regarding respiration that are false | |
the overall equation for the cellular respiration of glucose is | |
know statements about energy yields such as | there are 36 atp made but 4 disapear |
humans use the calories they obtain form as a source of energy | food |
humans use about of their daily calories to maintain there brain cells and other life sustaining properties | |
a kilocalorie is | a thousand calories |
how many calories are actually in a serving of 200 calories | |
during cellular respiration the energy in glucose is carried by what | nad+ |
in bio systems an important enzyme in redox reaction | is acetyl coa |
during cellular respiration nadh delivers its | electrons to the electron transport chain |
is what when it accepts | electrons |
what is the functioning of an electron transport chain like | a slinky going down the stairs |
list the stages of cell resp in order | glycolysis, the krebs cycle, and ox phosphorylation |
a drug that inhibits an enzyme will effect what cycle and what type of phosphorylation | oxidative |
during which cycle does substrate level phosphorylation occur | krebs |
which of the following metabolic pathways is common in aerobic and anerobic resperation | glycolysis |
after glycolysis there are | 2 atps |
how many molecules of nadh are produced during glycolysis | 2 |