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biology chapter 5, r
flashcards for questions and concepts on chapter five
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| fluid mosaic model | the term we use to describe the diverse structure of the phospholipid bilayer membrane |
| selective permeability | the ability of a membrane to allow certain molecules through at certain times |
| diffusion | the tendency of molecules of the same kind to separate from each other in a solution |
| concentration gradient | the amount of one molecule on one side of a membrane as there is on the other side |
| passive transport | the ability of a molecule to diffuse across a membrane without any energy cost |
| osmosis | is the spontaneous net movement of solvent molecules through a semi-permeable membrane into a region of higher solute concentration, in the direction that tends to equalize the solute concentrations on the two sides. |
| tonicity | the ability of a surrounding solution to gain or lose water |
| hypotonic | a solution with a concentration lower than that of the cell |
| isotonic | same solution on both sides |
| hypertonic | a concentration higher than outside |
| facilitated diffusion | the use of a transport protein to allow passive transport |
| aquaporin | a transport protein that allows water to be removed and added o the cell in vast quantities |
| active transport | the process of using energy to move a type of solute out or in to the cell |
| exocytosis | the process of moving materials from inside the cell to outside |
| endocytosis | the process of moving materials outside of the cell to the inside |
| phagocytosis | a type of endocytosis where a quantity of material is engulfed by the membrane and then pinched of to form a vesicle |
| receptor mediated | similar to phagocytosis receptors capture a specific type of molecule and then follow the process of phagoctyosis |
| energy | the ability of an object or organism to do something |
| kinetic energy | the energy of a moving or working object |
| thermal energy | the energy of random movement within the molecules of an object |
| heat | the intensity or unit of measure for an amount of thermal energy |
| potential energy | the ability of an object to have kinetic energy, stored energy in preparation to be released |
| chemical energy | the energy stored in chemical bonds in molecules |
| thermodynamics | the study of energy transformation in a collection of matter |
| first law of thermodynamics | energy cannot be created or destroyed only transferred |
| entropy | the measure of disorder or reactions in a sytem |
| second law of thermodynamics | the more energy conversions in a system the more disorderly it will become |
| exergonic | releases energy |
| endergonic | stores energy |
| metabolism | the total of chemical reactions in an organism |
| metabolic pathway | a series of metabolic reactions |
| ATP | adenosine triphosphate, currency of the cell |
| phosphorylation | the process of creating a molecule of atp using atp synthase |
| enzyme | a type of protein that accelerates ( catalyzes) chemical reactions |
| activation energy | the barrier or cost of energy to make a chemical reaction |
| substrate | the specific type of molecule that an enzyme bonds to while catalyzing |
| active site | the part of the substrate that the enzyme attaches to |
| induced fit | the natural shape of an enzyme connecting to a substrate |
| competitive inhibitor | a molecule that binds to an enzyme that is not a substrate, making the enzyme functionless |
| noncompetitive inhibitor | an inhibitor that alters the shape of an enzyme |
| the increase of receptors in an environment with an increase in insulin demonstrates a what kind of relationship | a negative relationship |
| the fluid mosiac model describes what | the actions and archetechture of the phospholipid bilayer and the proteins embedded in it |
| membrane phospholipids are able to do what in the plasma membrane | create a phospholipid bilayer |
| the cholesterol in animals cells is used for what | for rigidity and storage |
| what drug would you suggest as a productive avenue for drug development | one that inhibits the production of a negative protein |
| what can you conclude form the fact that certain anti-inflammatories prevent the natural reactions in the blood stream | they inhibit enzymes they are not supposed to |
| know statements describing why a membrane is like a control center such as | |
| what characteristic promoted lipids to become cell membranes | the fact that they have water hating outsides and self attractant insides |
| the plasma membrane is similar in | structure and function |
| small nonpolar hydrophobic molecules such as fatty acids easily pass | phospholipid bilayer |
| which of the following substances would have the hardest time crossing through a bilayer | sodium |
| know statements about photo synthesis and cellular respiration | |
| how do cells capture the energy released by cellular respiration | in atp |
| the processes that create energy are complimentary, during these energy conversions some energy is | reused, lost |
| respiration is, and cellular respiration is | the process of breathing, the process of creating atp |
| products of cellular respiration to make....... and ....... | energy and store |
| statements regarding respiration that are false | |
| the overall equation for the cellular respiration of glucose is | |
| know statements about energy yields such as | there are 36 atp made but 4 disapear |
| humans use the calories they obtain form as a source of energy | food |
| humans use about of their daily calories to maintain there brain cells and other life sustaining properties | |
| a kilocalorie is | a thousand calories |
| how many calories are actually in a serving of 200 calories | |
| during cellular respiration the energy in glucose is carried by what | nad+ |
| in bio systems an important enzyme in redox reaction | is acetyl coa |
| during cellular respiration nadh delivers its | electrons to the electron transport chain |
| is what when it accepts | electrons |
| what is the functioning of an electron transport chain like | a slinky going down the stairs |
| list the stages of cell resp in order | glycolysis, the krebs cycle, and ox phosphorylation |
| a drug that inhibits an enzyme will effect what cycle and what type of phosphorylation | oxidative |
| during which cycle does substrate level phosphorylation occur | krebs |
| which of the following metabolic pathways is common in aerobic and anerobic resperation | glycolysis |
| after glycolysis there are | 2 atps |
| how many molecules of nadh are produced during glycolysis | 2 |
Created by:
Reginald L.
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