| Term | Definition |
| Atoms | smallest observable unit of matter in a RXN. |
| CHNOPS | Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Phosphate, Sulfur |
| Chemical Bonds | hold atoms together in a molecule/compound |
| Ionic Bonds | Positive/negative atoms attract and link together
Separate in water (electrolytes/minerals living things need) |
| Covalent Bonds | Share electrons, Protons same on both atoms, electrons equal protons with some shared |
| Molecule/Compound | Consists of 2 or more atoms held together by a form of a chemical bond |
| Ions | Any atom or molecule that has a charge (+/-)
(when atoms gain or lose electrons they become ions) |
| Polarity | opposite ends have opposite charges (form H bonds with water)
sometimes happens in a covalent bond where electrons are not shared equally making one side more charged causing polarity |
| Non-polar | Don't form H bonds with water dissolve poorlu |
| Solubility | Ability of solute to dissolve in solvent |
| solute | dissolves into solvent |
| solvent | liquid in which solute dissolves in |
| Polar molecules | Love Water (Hydrophilic) |
| Hydrophilic | Love water dissolve easily |
| Hydrophobic | Water fearing dissolve poorly |
| Chemical RXN's | Making and breaking of bonds
Can be reversed in biology so pay attn to arrow
reactants left products right |
| Organic | Contains Carbon and Hydrogen atoms |
| Inorganic molecules | Dont contain Carbon and Hydrogen atoms |
| Polymer | Large organic molecule made by monomers linking together. |
| Making/Breaking Polymers | Making polymer = dehydration or condensation rxn
Breaking polymer = Hydrolysis RXN |
| Carbohydrates | Contain Carbon, Hydrogen,Oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio |
| Monosaccharide
Disaccharide
Polysaccharide | one carbon ring
two carbon rings
many carbon rings |
| Function of cells | Energy/storage
Build complex structures
Signal Molecules
Part of DNA and RNA |
| Lipids (functions) | Fats:Insoluble in water
Functions:Energy source and storage/part of cell membrane/ signaling/protection |
| Triglycerides | Type of lipid:
entirely hydrophobic with 3 straight tails, link together/solids |
| Steroids | Type of Lipid:
no fatty acids/20 carbon atoms/ 4 carbon ring/no tails |
| Phospholipids | Type of Lipid:
2 Tails, phosphate(hydrophilic) head, Hydrophobic tails |
| Fatty acids | very hydrophobic/insoluble/nonpolar |
| Amino Acids | Used as signals or precursers to other things
Anime/Carboxyl/Side R group
20 common amino acids that differ at the R group |
| Proteins (functions) | Polymers of amino acids formed by peptide bonds
Function:enzymes, signaling, structure, defense, transport, motors, energy source. |
| Primary structure | sequence of amino acids in a protein that determines everything |
| Nucleic Acid | [[Polymers of nucleotides]]
Carry energy,help enzymes, send messages |
| cell membrane | Fluid mosaic model
Phospholipids arrange in bi-layer, proteins stay in bi-layer
Fluid part"unless anchored proteins/phospholipids can move freely) |
| Semi Permeable
Selectively permeable | Some things can pass in some cannot
what can/ cant pass through is regulated
This is determined by membrane protiens |
| Membrane Functions | Seperate the outside and inside of a cell
controls what enters/leaves (energy,information,material)
Some chemical rxn's occur in or on membrane |
| organelles | Structures that have specialized functions |
| Process | Anything that can happen |
| Spontaneous
Non-spontaneous | happens on its own releases energy
consumes energy |
| Coupled processes | non-spontaneous process paired with a spontaneous and uses the spontaneous rxns energy to carry out its process |
| catalyst | speed up reaction without being consumed |
| enzyme | catalyst of biology, most are proteins and have metal parts |
| metabolism | all chemical reactions and other processes |
| ATP | A nucleotide that is an immediate energy source for cellular process that require energy
Energy in almost all Processes |
| Membrane transport | Important cell function that moves things in and out of cells |
| Passive transport | Simple diffusion(high to low concentration)
Facilitated diffusion |
| Osmosis | transfer from high to low concentration (water) across a semi permeable membrane
Water moves through aqua ports
[[Water follows the solute]] |
| Facilitated diffusion | requires transfer protein
polar and charged ions |
| Isotonic Soln | solute out = solute in
No osmosis |
| Hypertonic Soln | Solute out > solute in
Osmosis directed out
cell shrinks |
| Hypotonic Soln | solute out < solute in
Osmosis directed in
Cell swells (can burst) |
| Active Transport | Low to high concentration
Requires energy usually ATP
Requires a membrane protien (pump) |
| Oxidation
Reduction | Lose Electrons
Gain Electrons |
| Oxidation/Reduction | Electrons can be transferred as H+ ions
happens in many rxns |
| Electrons/Energy | Energy of a molecule depends on how much energy the electrons have |
| Photosynthesis | Redox Rxn
CO2 reduced, Water Oxidizes
Couples with light rxn to occur
light goes to chemical energy in the chloroplasts |
| Light RXN summary | Light energy gets converted to chemical energy ATP- High energy NADPH
Good Electron Donor NADPH has been made for the reduction of CO2 |
| Calvin-Benson Cycle | CO2 = Low energy CH2O = High energy
Energy in ATP and NADPH added to the C atoms during the cycle
C atoms reduced by NADPH G3P is the product (a 3-c Sugar) |
| Aerobic Cellular Respiration | Process that gets energy out of high energy nucleotides in ATP
Oxidation of Glucose = Spontaneous
Synthesis of ATP is not spontaneous
Is a redox process
Glucose oxidized Oxygen reduced |
| Impt Reactions
Redox:
Substance level phosphorylations
Decarbodylations | Electrons Transferred as NADH and FADH
Make Some ATP
Release CO2 |
| Krebs Cycle | all 6 C atoms releas os CO2
Some energy transeferd to 4 ATP molecules
H atoms and energy from glucose now NADH amd FADH2
Redox not finished most energy left in high energy electrons |
| Getting energy out of High Energy Electrons | NADH and FADH2 travel through redox rxns in cristae membranes and release energy
Energy used to actively transport H+ across cristae membrane
Energy now in H+ which moves across membrane and ATP synthase uses that energy to make ATP |
