| Term | Definition |
| Cytology | study of the cell
-is the basic unit of life
-based on their structure the cell will have a certain function
-grow in the ideal environment
are either prokaryotic, or eukaryotic
-are small in size to max. cell membrane inorder to ensure met needs |
| Anatomy of the Prokaryotic cell | -have a cell membrane
-Store DNA & RNA in the ribisomes
-NO MEMBRANE BOUND ORGANELLES
- instead has nucleoid region
-A capsule of polysacharides is used to surround the cell wall
-cell membrane is made of glycoproteins
-pili sometimes to stick |
| Eukaryotic Cell Anatomy | - Have a cell (plasma) membrane ( Plants also have cell wall of cellulose)
- consist of membranous bound organelles
a) cytoplasm
b) organelles
c)cell (plasma) membrane |
| Cytoplasm | consists of a solution called cytosol or intracellular fluid and organelles both membraneous or non membraneous |
| Non- membraneous Organelles | Cytoskeleton :cell shape and transport
Microvilli: short ext. & aid in absorption
Cilia: long ext. move substances
Flagella: longer ext. for cell movement
Centrioles: Seperation of chromosomes
Ribisomes: Required for protein synthesis (made of RNA) |
| Organelles ( endomembrane) | 1)Endoplasmic Reticulum (smooth & rough ER)
2) Golgi Apparatus
3) Lysomes
4) Peroxisomes
5) Nucleus
6)Mitochondria |
| Endoplasmic reticulum | are the flat membrane bound sacs in the cytoplasm
-smooth ER (w/out ribisomes) does synthesis of fatty acids & phospholipis
-Rough ER ( w/ ribisomes) does synthesis of proteins & PREPARES TRANSPORT TO GOLGI |
| Golgi apparatus | processes and sorts membrane proteins from rough ER and forms lysomes |
| Lysomes | are vesicles that contain enzymes called (acid hydrolasas w/pH of 5) that are used to degrade old organells |
| Peroxisomes | contain degradative enzymes that degrade toxic compounds and fatty acids to produce H2O as a bi product |
| Nucleus | is surrounded by a nuclear envelope that contains DNA coils called chromatin that when isnt being divided is called chromosomes reponsible for storage and processing of info into ribisomes |
| Mitochondria | principle site of ATP synthesis " power plant of cell"
w/ a double membrane of enzymes involved in energy production |
| Cell membrane | outer boundary of a cell
composed of lipids who have hydrophobic tail group & hydrophilic head group
-Functions act physical barrier, regulate in and out, moniter & detect, & structural support |
| 3 types of membrane proteins | 1) trans membrane protein- (intergral) responsible for receptors in the ion channel
2) lipid anchored proteins
3) peripheral membrane proteins |
| Cell Junctions | act like glue
- several types of junctions
1) Plasmodesmata-flow into neighbor cell
2)tight junctions-prevent leak
3)Desmosomes-strong sheet protien (beta)
4) Gap junctions-communicating channels |
| Cell adhesion molecules | Intagrins (CAMS) transmembrane proteins that attach to the cell membrane |
| Extra cellular matrix | -In animal cells b/c they lack a cell wall
-made of glycoproteins such as collegen ,proteoglycans, & fibronectin
- Bind to intigrins (CAMs)
-support
-adhesion
-movement
-regulation |
| Extracellular | enviorment surrounding cells |
| Intracellular | enviorment within a cell |
| Intercellular | between 2 or more cells |
| cytosol | the intracellular fluid that contains ions and proteins excluding organells |
| Microscopes | allow us to see specimens using magnification an enlarged size and resolution an ability to distinguish between two cells |
| Light Micrscopes | beam of light through the lense to see unstrained and strained cells
i) brightfield compound microscope
II) phase contrast
III) flurescense |
| Electron microscope (EM) | uses a beam of electrons for a detailed image
2 types
I) scanning cell surface (SEM
II ) Transmission cell structure (TEM) |
