Term | Definition |
Carbon | the back bone of life
- is an unstable atom that reacts to other atoms w/unstable atoms
-carbon loves to form non-polar covalent bonds (equal)
-tetrahedral shape is created with multiple carbons
-proteins,carb., &lipids are types of carbon compounds |
Hydrocarbon | are organic molecules consisting of hydrogen, and carbon
-lipids have these |
Functional groups | are components of organic molecules that are involved in chemical reactions
1) Hydroxyl group (-OH)
2)Carbonyl group (C=O)
3)Carboxyl group (COOH)
4)Amino Acid group(H2N)
5)Sulfhydryl group (-SH)
6) Phosphate group (P)
7) Methyl group (CH3) |
Isomers | are compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures and properties
ex) Glucose & Fructose |
Structural Isomers | have different covalent arrangements of their atoms but the same formua
Ex) Glucose Fructose |
cis-trans isomers | have same covalent bonds but different spatial arrangements
ex) Cis- X's on same side===trans-x's on opposite side |
Enatiomer | Are isomers of mirrior images like the left and right hand except when they are side by side
- usually one is the active one
-important in pharmacuticals |
Major elements of organic molecules | Hydrogen
carbon
nitrogen
and oxygen |
Organic Compounds (Biomolecules) | formation of carbon and non polar & polar covalent bonds that can be formed or broken down |
2 types of chemical reactions | i) dehydration synthesis- ( forming) of a covalent bond and 2 atoms resulting in a release of water molecule
ii) Hydrolysis- (breaking down) uses a single water molecule to break a covalent bond btwn 2 atoms
(both require protein enzymes) |
4 types of organic compounds | 1) carbohydrate
2)nucleic acid
3) protein
4) fatty acid |
Carbohydrate | -one monosacharisdes (simple) disacharides are two but many =polysacharides(complex) C6H12O6
ex) fructose
-gulcose is the primary source of energy in the body
-glycogen is the stored form of glucose in plants
-cellulose -structural in plants |
Proteins | -has 20 diff amino acids w/ diff Rgroup & functional group
-polypeptides are long chains of amino acids
-are ion channels, receptors, enzymes, structural proteins |
4 levels of a protein= | 1) Primary: synthesize a polypeptide
2) Secondary : coils & folds are hydrogen bonds
coil=a=helix fold=B=pleated sheets
3)tertiary reinforce protein structure using van der awall interactions
4) Quarternary; result = many polypeptide chains |
Nucleic Acid | are made out of neucleotides that consist of sugar+ Base + phosphate (negativley charged)
-makes up RNA( single strand) & DNA( double strand) both are polynucleotides |
RNA & DNA | RNA- single strand that decodes and transmits genetic information
-RNA has 3 types (mRNA, tRNA, rRNA)
DNA- Double stand holds genetic info in H-bonds
bases (Adosine, Guaynine, Thymine, Cytosine) |
Lipids | consist of carbon, & hydrogen linked by a non-polar (equal electron sharing) covalent bond
-hydrophobic
-4 types (Tryglycerides, steroids, fatty acids, phospholipids) |
Fatty Acid | are long chains of hydrocarbons with the chemical formula
[CH3(CH2)n COOH] |
Triglycerides | are found in fat cells /Adipocytes
fat & oil consisting of 1 glycerol + 3 fatty acids
the function is to store energy , cushion & insulate organs |
Phospholipids | are major to the cell memebrane
-consist of 1 gycerol+ 2 fatty acid + 1 phosphate group + 1 polar headed group
0~~ |
Steriods | consist of cholesterol , 4 rings of carbon & covalent bonds
- acts as a precursor for sex hormones
such as testosterone & estrogen
-takes a place in the cell (plasma) membrane |
Enzymes | Are specialized macromolecules that speed up chemical reactions |
Denaturation | when a protein is unraveled & loses shape |