Question | Answer |
what are the three parts of a nucleotide | 1. sugar
2. Nitrogen Base
3. phosphate group |
what is the shape of DNA as described by Watson and crick | Double Helix |
what two items make up the "backbone" or sides of the DNA ladder | 1. sugar (deoxyribose)
2. phosphate group |
what are the rules of base pairing | Adenine = Thymine
Cytosine = Guanine |
Put the following words in order from largest to smallest: Nucleotide, Chromosome, Cell, DNA, Nucleotide | Cell, Nucleus, Chromosome, DNA, Nucleotide |
what is the result of DNA replication | one new strand of DNA and one original strand of DNA |
given the DNA bases: GATCCA, what should be the bases on the complementary strand of DNA | CTAGGT |
what is the sugar in RNA | Ribose |
what is the sugar in DNA | Deoxyribose |
what nitrogen bases are found in RNA | Adenine, Uracil , Guanine, Cytosine |
what nitrogen bases are found in DNA | Adenine, Thymine , Guanine, Cytosine |
what are the three types of RNA and their functions | 1. mRNA: produced after transcription
2. rRNA: makes up ribosome with proteins
3. tRNA: brings in amino acids to ribosome. contains anti-codons ALL are involved in protein synthesis |
what parts of a DNA molecule could be found in a RNA molecule | 1. Nitrogen bases (Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine)
2. phosphate group |
what is transcription | mRNA molecules are produced |
what is translation | the cell uses information from mRNA to produce proteins |
how do codons and anti-codons differ | codon - 3 bases in mRNA, specify an amino acid
anti-codon- # bases in tRNA, brings amino acid to ribosome during translation |
what are mutations | change in the genetic make up of an orgainsm |
what are gene mutations | permanent change in the DNA sequence that makes up a gene |
what are point mutations | single base pair altered (example: substitution) |
what are frame-shift mutations | genetic mutation caused by insertions or deletions |
define chromosomal mutations | mutation that affects all or part of a chromosome |
define deletion | delete (remove) a section of a chromosome |
define duplication | add (insert) a section of a chromosome |
define inversion | reverse direction of parts of chromosome |
define translocation | part of chromosome breaks off and is added to different chromosome |
who was Gregor Mendel | Austrian monk; used pea plants to study the inheritance of traits |
define genetics | the study of heredity |
what is heredity | the passing on of traits from parents to offspring |
what does a punnet square show | 1. all possible results of a genetic cross
2. the genotypes of the offspring
3. the alleles in the gametes of each parent
4. DOES NOT show actual results |
what is probability | how likely something is to happen |
what is the difference between the phenotype and genotype of an organism | genotype: genetic make up of an organism (HH, Hh, hh)
phenotype: physical characteristics (tall, short, purple) |
define the following terms and give genotype for Homozygous dominant | two dominant alleles for a trait (HH) |
define the following terms and give genotype for Heterozygous | two different alleles for a trait (Hh) |
define the following terms and give genotype for Homozygous recessive | two recessive alleles for a trait (hh) |
what is the difference between incomplete dominance and co-dominance | incomplete - one allele is not completely dominant over the other (red x white = pink)
codominance - both alleles are expressed (Black x white = speckled) |
define allele | different forms of a gene |
when is recessive trait seen or shown in an offspring | when an organism has two recessive alleles for a gene or trait |
what is genetic engineering | process of making changes in the DNA code of living organisms |
what is selective breeding | artificial selection; humans breed plants or animals for particular traits |
why is selective breeding used | agriculture, dog breeding |
explain the procedure of gel electrophoreis | separates DNA/RNA/Proteins according to molecular sized |
what are restriction enzymes | DNA cutting enzymes |
what are transgenic organisms | organisms that have genes from other species inserted into their genome |
how are transgenic organisms produced | genetic engineering |
what is a clone | genetically identical individuals |
what cells are needed to make a clone | donor nucleus fused with empty egg cell |
what is the human genome project | sequenced all 3 billion base pairs of human DNA and identified all human genes |
what is gene therapy | the process of changing a gene to treat a medical disease or disorder |
what is the purpose of gene therapy | replace an absent or faulty gene with a normal, worlding gene |
what are sex linked traits | traits that are located on the X or Y chromosome
(example: colorblindness) |
what are the sex chromosomes of a normal male | XY |
what are the sex chromosomes of a normal female | XX |
what is the genetic cause of down syndrome | 3 copies of the 21st chromosomes |
what is a karyotype | picture of chromosomes |
what can a karyotype show | the presence of abnormalities in chromosomes |
what are autosomes | not involved in determining sex (pairs 1- 22) |
what percent chance is there that a baby born will be a boy | 50% |
what percent chance is there that a baby born will be a girl | 50% |
which parent determines the sex of a child | the father because he can pass on an X or a Y |
what is a pedigree | chart that shows the relationships within families
squares = males circles = females |
if a shape on a pedigree is shaded, what does it mean | the person expresses the trait |
what does mean if an individual is carrier | does not express the trait, but can pass the allele for the trait on to the next generation |
distinguish between turner's syndrome and kleinfelter's syndrome | turner's syndrome - females inherit only one X chromosome
kleinfelter's syndrome - males inherit an extra X chromosome (XXY) |
how do gene mutations differ from chromosomal mutations | gene mutations - produce changes in a single gene
chromosomal mutations - produce changes in the whole chromosome |
what are the 4 types of chromosomal mutations | deletion
duplication
inversion
translocation |
what are two pieces of information you can get from a karyotype | 1. determine sex of individual
2. determine if a disorder |
what was Charles Darwin's contribution to science | he developed a scientific theory of evolution that explains how modern organisms evolved over long periods of time |
what is the name of the book in which Darwin published his ideas | origin of species |
how of Darwin's stops/ports aboard the HMS beagle influenced him the most | Galapagos islands because he studied finches and noticed that each island had a finch with a different type of beak |
how did Hutton and Lyell influence Darwin and his work | 1. they concluded that the earth is extremely old
2. the processes that changed earth in the past are the same that operate in the present |
what were Lamarck's hypotheses of evolution | individuals can pass these acquired traits traits on to offspring |
what is an adaption | any heritable characteristic that increase an organism ability to survive and reproduce |
what is a vestigial organ/structure | inherited from ancestors but have lost much or all of their original function |
what is natural selection (survival of the fittest) | individuals with adaptions well suited to environment can survive and reproduce |
what are homologous structures | structures that are shared by related species and have been inherited by a common ancestor |
what evidence do homologous structures provide | evolution or descent with modification from a common ancestor |
what is a gene pool | all of the genes present in a population |
what is relative frequency related to a gene pool | the number of times am allele occurs in a gene pool |
what are the two main sources of genetic variation | mutations: changes in genetic material
genetic recombination in sexual reproduction: each chromosome moves independently during meiosis |
distinguish between single gene traits and polygenic traits | single-gene traits: controlled by one gene 2-3 distinct phenotypes
polygenic traits: controlled by 2 or more genes, multiple phenotypes |
what is speciation | formation of a new species |
what is behavioral isolation | two populations develop differences in courtship rituals or other behaviors |
what is geographic isolation | two populations are separated by geographic barriers |
what is temporal isolation | two or more species reproduce at different times |
distinguish between coevolution and convergent evolution | coevolution -2 species evolve together overtime
convergent evolution - 2 unrelated species begin to appear similar |
what is adaptive radiation | many species branch off from one common ancestral species |
what is antibiotic resistance | mutations in DNA of certain bacteria prevent them from being killed by certain prescribed medication |
what is taxonomy | branch of biology that groups and names organisms |
define classification | grouping of objects or information based on similarities |
define phylogeny | the evolutionary history of an organism |
what is binomial nomenclature | classification system in which each species is assigned a two-part scientific name |
explain how to write the scientific name of a species correctly | - first term is capitalized
- Latin
- italics |
what does the name tell you about the organism | the genus and species |
what is the largest taxon or classification group in Linnaeus' system | kingdom |
list the classification groups or taxa in order from largest to smallest | Kingdom, Phylum, Class, order, family, genus, species |
what 4 criteria are used to group organisms | - cell type
- cell structure
- number of cells
- mode of nutrition |
what are the three domains | bacteria: eubacteria
archaea: archaebacteria
eukarya: protista, plantae, animalia, fungi |
what are the difference between a food chain and food web | food chain - series of steps in an ecosystem in which organism transfer energy
food web - many food chains put together |
what are decomposers | organisms that break down and obtain energy from dead and decaying organic matter (fungi, bacteria) |
what do herbivores eat | plants only |
what do carnivores eat | meat only |
what do omnivores eat | both plants and meat |
distinguish between a population and a community | population - groups of indviuls of the sam species that live in the same area
community - a group of different population that live together in a defined area |
what is the biosphere | the entire planet |
define species | one organism (individual) |
what is included in an ecosystem | all the organism that live together in a place with their physical environment |
what are autotrophs | capture energy from sunlight or chemicals |
what are heterotrophs | acquire energy by eating other organisms |
distinguish between chemo-synthesis and photosynthesis | chemo-synthesis:use of chemical energy to produce carbohydrates
photosynthesis:captures light energy to make carbohydrates |
distinguish between biotic and abiotic factors | biotic: living factors (flowers, frogs)
abiotic: nonliving factors ( rain, temperature) |
what occurs during predation | one organism captures and feeds on another organism |
what are the three types of symbiotic relationships | mutualism: both benefit
parasitism: one harms the other and benefits
commensalism: one benefits, the other is not helped or harmed |
what organisms are always at the base of an energy pyramid | primary producers because flows from producers to consumers |
describe what happens to energy as it flows through the trophic levels | - most energy is used for life processes
- leftover is released as heat
- 10% is passed on to the next trophic level |
the locations of biomes are usually determined by what two factors | - biotic
- abiotic |
how does the flow of energy differ from the flow of matter through an ecosystem | energy flows in one direction, malter is recycled |
compare and contrast the processes of nitrogen fixation and denitrification | nitrogen fixation - coverting N2 to NH3
denitrification - converting NO3 back to N2 |
how does the phosphorus cycle differ from all the other biogeochemical cycles | it does not enter the atmosphere |
what is the water cycle | the repeated movement of water through earth's atmosphere |
define precipitation | water falls to earth |
define condensation | water vapor in the air |
define evaporation | liquid water warms and forms water vapor |
define transpiration | water vapor from plants |
what is a niche | physical/biological conditions conditions where a species lives and the way a species obtains what it needs to survive |
what items does a niche include | how it interacts |
compare and contrast primary secondary succession | primary - newly exposed surfaces
secondary succession - soil |
distinguish between weather and climate | weather - day to day conditions
climate - year after year patterns of temperature + precipitation |
list some abiotic and biotic characteristics of the tundra biome | abiotic - permafrost, little precipitation
biotic - |
list some abiotic and biotic characteristics of the tropical rain forest biome | abiotic - hot, rainy
biotic - more speices than all other biomes combined |
list some abiotic and biotic characteristics of the temperate forest biome | abiotic - 4 seasons
biotic - coniferous-trees |
what is the difference between immigration and emigration | immigration - move into
emigration - move out of |
what are limiting factors | factor that controls the growth of a population
(Examples: competition, predation, unusual weather) |
what are density-independent factors | affects all populations
(Examples: competition, predation) |
what is population density | the number of individuals per unit area |
what is carrying capacity | the maximum number of individuals an environment can support |
what is exponential growth | happens with unlimited resources, gross and grows |
how is exponential growth displayed in a graph | J curve |
define demography | study of human populations |
how do birth rates and death rates affect the size of a population | gros: BR> dr
same: BR=dr
shrink: BR < dr |
what is biodiversity | all of the living thing in the biosphere |
what does biodiversity provide for humans | medicine, agriculture, ecosystem goods and services |
explain tech difference between an exotic/invasive species and endangered species | exotic/invasive species - not native, take over an ecosystem
endangered species - reduced numbers and are in danger of going extinct |
what are density-dependent factors | affects all populations
(Examples: natural disasters, unusual weather |