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Biology Semester 2
Final Exam review guide
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what are the three parts of a nucleotide | 1. sugar 2. Nitrogen Base 3. phosphate group |
| what is the shape of DNA as described by Watson and crick | Double Helix |
| what two items make up the "backbone" or sides of the DNA ladder | 1. sugar (deoxyribose) 2. phosphate group |
| what are the rules of base pairing | Adenine = Thymine Cytosine = Guanine |
| Put the following words in order from largest to smallest: Nucleotide, Chromosome, Cell, DNA, Nucleotide | Cell, Nucleus, Chromosome, DNA, Nucleotide |
| what is the result of DNA replication | one new strand of DNA and one original strand of DNA |
| given the DNA bases: GATCCA, what should be the bases on the complementary strand of DNA | CTAGGT |
| what is the sugar in RNA | Ribose |
| what is the sugar in DNA | Deoxyribose |
| what nitrogen bases are found in RNA | Adenine, Uracil , Guanine, Cytosine |
| what nitrogen bases are found in DNA | Adenine, Thymine , Guanine, Cytosine |
| what are the three types of RNA and their functions | 1. mRNA: produced after transcription 2. rRNA: makes up ribosome with proteins 3. tRNA: brings in amino acids to ribosome. contains anti-codons ALL are involved in protein synthesis |
| what parts of a DNA molecule could be found in a RNA molecule | 1. Nitrogen bases (Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine) 2. phosphate group |
| what is transcription | mRNA molecules are produced |
| what is translation | the cell uses information from mRNA to produce proteins |
| how do codons and anti-codons differ | codon - 3 bases in mRNA, specify an amino acid anti-codon- # bases in tRNA, brings amino acid to ribosome during translation |
| what are mutations | change in the genetic make up of an orgainsm |
| what are gene mutations | permanent change in the DNA sequence that makes up a gene |
| what are point mutations | single base pair altered (example: substitution) |
| what are frame-shift mutations | genetic mutation caused by insertions or deletions |
| define chromosomal mutations | mutation that affects all or part of a chromosome |
| define deletion | delete (remove) a section of a chromosome |
| define duplication | add (insert) a section of a chromosome |
| define inversion | reverse direction of parts of chromosome |
| define translocation | part of chromosome breaks off and is added to different chromosome |
| who was Gregor Mendel | Austrian monk; used pea plants to study the inheritance of traits |
| define genetics | the study of heredity |
| what is heredity | the passing on of traits from parents to offspring |
| what does a punnet square show | 1. all possible results of a genetic cross 2. the genotypes of the offspring 3. the alleles in the gametes of each parent 4. DOES NOT show actual results |
| what is probability | how likely something is to happen |
| what is the difference between the phenotype and genotype of an organism | genotype: genetic make up of an organism (HH, Hh, hh) phenotype: physical characteristics (tall, short, purple) |
| define the following terms and give genotype for Homozygous dominant | two dominant alleles for a trait (HH) |
| define the following terms and give genotype for Heterozygous | two different alleles for a trait (Hh) |
| define the following terms and give genotype for Homozygous recessive | two recessive alleles for a trait (hh) |
| what is the difference between incomplete dominance and co-dominance | incomplete - one allele is not completely dominant over the other (red x white = pink) codominance - both alleles are expressed (Black x white = speckled) |
| define allele | different forms of a gene |
| when is recessive trait seen or shown in an offspring | when an organism has two recessive alleles for a gene or trait |
| what is genetic engineering | process of making changes in the DNA code of living organisms |
| what is selective breeding | artificial selection; humans breed plants or animals for particular traits |
| why is selective breeding used | agriculture, dog breeding |
| explain the procedure of gel electrophoreis | separates DNA/RNA/Proteins according to molecular sized |
| what are restriction enzymes | DNA cutting enzymes |
| what are transgenic organisms | organisms that have genes from other species inserted into their genome |
| how are transgenic organisms produced | genetic engineering |
| what is a clone | genetically identical individuals |
| what cells are needed to make a clone | donor nucleus fused with empty egg cell |
| what is the human genome project | sequenced all 3 billion base pairs of human DNA and identified all human genes |
| what is gene therapy | the process of changing a gene to treat a medical disease or disorder |
| what is the purpose of gene therapy | replace an absent or faulty gene with a normal, worlding gene |
| what are sex linked traits | traits that are located on the X or Y chromosome (example: colorblindness) |
| what are the sex chromosomes of a normal male | XY |
| what are the sex chromosomes of a normal female | XX |
| what is the genetic cause of down syndrome | 3 copies of the 21st chromosomes |
| what is a karyotype | picture of chromosomes |
| what can a karyotype show | the presence of abnormalities in chromosomes |
| what are autosomes | not involved in determining sex (pairs 1- 22) |
| what percent chance is there that a baby born will be a boy | 50% |
| what percent chance is there that a baby born will be a girl | 50% |
| which parent determines the sex of a child | the father because he can pass on an X or a Y |
| what is a pedigree | chart that shows the relationships within families squares = males circles = females |
| if a shape on a pedigree is shaded, what does it mean | the person expresses the trait |
| what does mean if an individual is carrier | does not express the trait, but can pass the allele for the trait on to the next generation |
| distinguish between turner's syndrome and kleinfelter's syndrome | turner's syndrome - females inherit only one X chromosome kleinfelter's syndrome - males inherit an extra X chromosome (XXY) |
| how do gene mutations differ from chromosomal mutations | gene mutations - produce changes in a single gene chromosomal mutations - produce changes in the whole chromosome |
| what are the 4 types of chromosomal mutations | deletion duplication inversion translocation |
| what are two pieces of information you can get from a karyotype | 1. determine sex of individual 2. determine if a disorder |
| what was Charles Darwin's contribution to science | he developed a scientific theory of evolution that explains how modern organisms evolved over long periods of time |
| what is the name of the book in which Darwin published his ideas | origin of species |
| how of Darwin's stops/ports aboard the HMS beagle influenced him the most | Galapagos islands because he studied finches and noticed that each island had a finch with a different type of beak |
| how did Hutton and Lyell influence Darwin and his work | 1. they concluded that the earth is extremely old 2. the processes that changed earth in the past are the same that operate in the present |
| what were Lamarck's hypotheses of evolution | individuals can pass these acquired traits traits on to offspring |
| what is an adaption | any heritable characteristic that increase an organism ability to survive and reproduce |
| what is a vestigial organ/structure | inherited from ancestors but have lost much or all of their original function |
| what is natural selection (survival of the fittest) | individuals with adaptions well suited to environment can survive and reproduce |
| what are homologous structures | structures that are shared by related species and have been inherited by a common ancestor |
| what evidence do homologous structures provide | evolution or descent with modification from a common ancestor |
| what is a gene pool | all of the genes present in a population |
| what is relative frequency related to a gene pool | the number of times am allele occurs in a gene pool |
| what are the two main sources of genetic variation | mutations: changes in genetic material genetic recombination in sexual reproduction: each chromosome moves independently during meiosis |
| distinguish between single gene traits and polygenic traits | single-gene traits: controlled by one gene 2-3 distinct phenotypes polygenic traits: controlled by 2 or more genes, multiple phenotypes |
| what is speciation | formation of a new species |
| what is behavioral isolation | two populations develop differences in courtship rituals or other behaviors |
| what is geographic isolation | two populations are separated by geographic barriers |
| what is temporal isolation | two or more species reproduce at different times |
| distinguish between coevolution and convergent evolution | coevolution -2 species evolve together overtime convergent evolution - 2 unrelated species begin to appear similar |
| what is adaptive radiation | many species branch off from one common ancestral species |
| what is antibiotic resistance | mutations in DNA of certain bacteria prevent them from being killed by certain prescribed medication |
| what is taxonomy | branch of biology that groups and names organisms |
| define classification | grouping of objects or information based on similarities |
| define phylogeny | the evolutionary history of an organism |
| what is binomial nomenclature | classification system in which each species is assigned a two-part scientific name |
| explain how to write the scientific name of a species correctly | - first term is capitalized - Latin - italics |
| what does the name tell you about the organism | the genus and species |
| what is the largest taxon or classification group in Linnaeus' system | kingdom |
| list the classification groups or taxa in order from largest to smallest | Kingdom, Phylum, Class, order, family, genus, species |
| what 4 criteria are used to group organisms | - cell type - cell structure - number of cells - mode of nutrition |
| what are the three domains | bacteria: eubacteria archaea: archaebacteria eukarya: protista, plantae, animalia, fungi |
| what are the difference between a food chain and food web | food chain - series of steps in an ecosystem in which organism transfer energy food web - many food chains put together |
| what are decomposers | organisms that break down and obtain energy from dead and decaying organic matter (fungi, bacteria) |
| what do herbivores eat | plants only |
| what do carnivores eat | meat only |
| what do omnivores eat | both plants and meat |
| distinguish between a population and a community | population - groups of indviuls of the sam species that live in the same area community - a group of different population that live together in a defined area |
| what is the biosphere | the entire planet |
| define species | one organism (individual) |
| what is included in an ecosystem | all the organism that live together in a place with their physical environment |
| what are autotrophs | capture energy from sunlight or chemicals |
| what are heterotrophs | acquire energy by eating other organisms |
| distinguish between chemo-synthesis and photosynthesis | chemo-synthesis:use of chemical energy to produce carbohydrates photosynthesis:captures light energy to make carbohydrates |
| distinguish between biotic and abiotic factors | biotic: living factors (flowers, frogs) abiotic: nonliving factors ( rain, temperature) |
| what occurs during predation | one organism captures and feeds on another organism |
| what are the three types of symbiotic relationships | mutualism: both benefit parasitism: one harms the other and benefits commensalism: one benefits, the other is not helped or harmed |
| what organisms are always at the base of an energy pyramid | primary producers because flows from producers to consumers |
| describe what happens to energy as it flows through the trophic levels | - most energy is used for life processes - leftover is released as heat - 10% is passed on to the next trophic level |
| the locations of biomes are usually determined by what two factors | - biotic - abiotic |
| how does the flow of energy differ from the flow of matter through an ecosystem | energy flows in one direction, malter is recycled |
| compare and contrast the processes of nitrogen fixation and denitrification | nitrogen fixation - coverting N2 to NH3 denitrification - converting NO3 back to N2 |
| how does the phosphorus cycle differ from all the other biogeochemical cycles | it does not enter the atmosphere |
| what is the water cycle | the repeated movement of water through earth's atmosphere |
| define precipitation | water falls to earth |
| define condensation | water vapor in the air |
| define evaporation | liquid water warms and forms water vapor |
| define transpiration | water vapor from plants |
| what is a niche | physical/biological conditions conditions where a species lives and the way a species obtains what it needs to survive |
| what items does a niche include | how it interacts |
| compare and contrast primary secondary succession | primary - newly exposed surfaces secondary succession - soil |
| distinguish between weather and climate | weather - day to day conditions climate - year after year patterns of temperature + precipitation |
| list some abiotic and biotic characteristics of the tundra biome | abiotic - permafrost, little precipitation biotic - |
| list some abiotic and biotic characteristics of the tropical rain forest biome | abiotic - hot, rainy biotic - more speices than all other biomes combined |
| list some abiotic and biotic characteristics of the temperate forest biome | abiotic - 4 seasons biotic - coniferous-trees |
| what is the difference between immigration and emigration | immigration - move into emigration - move out of |
| what are limiting factors | factor that controls the growth of a population (Examples: competition, predation, unusual weather) |
| what are density-independent factors | affects all populations (Examples: competition, predation) |
| what is population density | the number of individuals per unit area |
| what is carrying capacity | the maximum number of individuals an environment can support |
| what is exponential growth | happens with unlimited resources, gross and grows |
| how is exponential growth displayed in a graph | J curve |
| define demography | study of human populations |
| how do birth rates and death rates affect the size of a population | gros: BR> dr same: BR=dr shrink: BR < dr |
| what is biodiversity | all of the living thing in the biosphere |
| what does biodiversity provide for humans | medicine, agriculture, ecosystem goods and services |
| explain tech difference between an exotic/invasive species and endangered species | exotic/invasive species - not native, take over an ecosystem endangered species - reduced numbers and are in danger of going extinct |
| what are density-dependent factors | affects all populations (Examples: natural disasters, unusual weather |
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