| Question | Answer |
| The Cell Theory | A cell is the basic unit of life
•All organisms are made up of cells
•All cells come from pre-existing cel |
| All Cells have: | •Plasma membrane
•DNA
•Cytoplasm
•Ribosomes |
| PROKARYOTIC CELLS DNA | •Single circular chromosome
•Free floating in the cytoplasm- no nucleus |
| •Kingdom Monera | PROKARYOTIC CELLS |
| Anabaena | -Cyanobacteria
-larger than most bacteria
-Chlorophyll A, no chloroplasts |
| Heterocyst | larger, round cell, fixes nitrogen |
| Akinete | - resting cell, 2x as large as other cells in chain |
| EUKARYOTIC CELLS DNA | • Paired, linear chromosomes
• Enclosed in a membrane- the nucleus |
| Spirogyra,Volvox.
Peridinium | Kingdom Protista
Single and multi-cellular
Photosynthetic
Chloroplasts
Chlorophyll A and B |
| Amoeba, Vorticella. Paramecium.
Stentor | Kingdom Protista
Heterotrophic
Single celled
Many have motility due to flagella, cilia or pseudopods. |
| Wet mount- | used to view living organisms |
| making a Wet mount- | Drop of medium (broth, water) containing the organism is placed on a slide
• coverslip placed on top
• viewed under the microscope |
| Smear | specimen is spread on a slide, allowed to dry then fixed. |
| Fixing | prevents material from washing off the slide during the
staining process
• also kills the organism
• use heat or alcohol to fix the slides |
| Contrast | how the specimen stands out from the background |
| Stains/dyes | ionic (charged) molecules that are attracted to structures/molecules that have the opposite charge. |
| What do stains do | Stains provide contrast so the material on a slide can be seen under the microscope |
| •Basic dyes | have a positive charge (cationic)
•Attracted to negatively charged molecules
•Used to stain cells
•Examples: methylene blue, crystal violet, safranin |
| Acid dyes | - have a negative charge (anionic)
•Attracted to positively charged molecules
•Used to stain the background
•Examples: eosin, picric acid |
| Simple stain- | uses one dye, everything the same color.
•Useful for visualizing cell type (prokaryotic or eukaryotic),
cell shape and arrangements |
| Differential stain- | uses two dyes, cell components react differently to the dyes.
•Can be used to differentiate bacteria (cell wall
composition), endospores and white blood cells. |
| • Examples of differential stains are: | Wright stain, Gram stain, Acid-fast stain, endospore stain. |
| IMMERSION OIL | Used to prevent light from refracting
Has the same refractive index as glass |
| Taxonomy | the formal system for classifying and naming living things |
| Binomial system of nomenclature | 2 part name used to identify the organism |
| the scientific name | Genus and species = the scientific name
–Genus starts with a capital letter; species with a lower case letter.
–Both are written in italics or underlined. |
| Kingdom Fungi | Eukaryotic
Non- motile
Cell walls composed of chitin (polysaccharide) |
| Saprophyte | decompose dead organic material |
| Parasite | live off of living organism |
| Unicellular Fungi-Yeasts | Saccharomyces cerevisiae- baker’s yeast
Candida albicans- causes Candidiasis and thrush |
| molds | Multicellular Fungi |
| hypha | filamentous cells
fungi cells |
| Mycelium | - a mass of hyphae |
| Fruiting body- | reproductive structure |
| Mushrooms | reproductive structures |
| Kingdom Fungi repriduction | Many Fungi are capable of both asexual
and sexual reproduction.
Both types of reproduction produce
spores.
Fungi are classified by the type of fruiting
body (reproductive structure)they form. |
| Rhizopus stolonifer- | bread mold |
| sporangium | produces genetically identical spores. |
| Zygosporangium | When the hyphae of 2 different mating
types meet, they form a zygosporangium.
Zygosporangia produce spores that are
genetically diverse. |
| Penicillium notatum | Produces the antibiotic penicillin
Discovered by Alexander Fleming |
| Aspergillus niger | Aspergillus spores are in the environment and can cause lung infections in people with compromised immune systems. |
| Stachybotrys chartarum | - toxic mold |
