Question | Answer |
The Cell Theory | A cell is the basic unit of life
•All organisms are made up of cells
•All cells come from pre-existing cel |
All Cells have: | •Plasma membrane
•DNA
•Cytoplasm
•Ribosomes |
PROKARYOTIC CELLS DNA | •Single circular chromosome
•Free floating in the cytoplasm- no nucleus |
•Kingdom Monera | PROKARYOTIC CELLS |
Anabaena | -Cyanobacteria
-larger than most bacteria
-Chlorophyll A, no chloroplasts |
Heterocyst | larger, round cell, fixes nitrogen |
Akinete | - resting cell, 2x as large as other cells in chain |
EUKARYOTIC CELLS DNA | • Paired, linear chromosomes
• Enclosed in a membrane- the nucleus |
Spirogyra,Volvox.
Peridinium | Kingdom Protista
Single and multi-cellular
Photosynthetic
Chloroplasts
Chlorophyll A and B |
Amoeba, Vorticella. Paramecium.
Stentor | Kingdom Protista
Heterotrophic
Single celled
Many have motility due to flagella, cilia or pseudopods. |
Wet mount- | used to view living organisms |
making a Wet mount- | Drop of medium (broth, water) containing the organism is placed on a slide
• coverslip placed on top
• viewed under the microscope |
Smear | specimen is spread on a slide, allowed to dry then fixed. |
Fixing | prevents material from washing off the slide during the
staining process
• also kills the organism
• use heat or alcohol to fix the slides |
Contrast | how the specimen stands out from the background |
Stains/dyes | ionic (charged) molecules that are attracted to structures/molecules that have the opposite charge. |
What do stains do | Stains provide contrast so the material on a slide can be seen under the microscope |
•Basic dyes | have a positive charge (cationic)
•Attracted to negatively charged molecules
•Used to stain cells
•Examples: methylene blue, crystal violet, safranin |
Acid dyes | - have a negative charge (anionic)
•Attracted to positively charged molecules
•Used to stain the background
•Examples: eosin, picric acid |
Simple stain- | uses one dye, everything the same color.
•Useful for visualizing cell type (prokaryotic or eukaryotic),
cell shape and arrangements |
Differential stain- | uses two dyes, cell components react differently to the dyes.
•Can be used to differentiate bacteria (cell wall
composition), endospores and white blood cells. |
• Examples of differential stains are: | Wright stain, Gram stain, Acid-fast stain, endospore stain. |
IMMERSION OIL | Used to prevent light from refracting
Has the same refractive index as glass |
Taxonomy | the formal system for classifying and naming living things |
Binomial system of nomenclature | 2 part name used to identify the organism |
the scientific name | Genus and species = the scientific name
–Genus starts with a capital letter; species with a lower case letter.
–Both are written in italics or underlined. |
Kingdom Fungi | Eukaryotic
Non- motile
Cell walls composed of chitin (polysaccharide) |
Saprophyte | decompose dead organic material |
Parasite | live off of living organism |
Unicellular Fungi-Yeasts | Saccharomyces cerevisiae- baker’s yeast
Candida albicans- causes Candidiasis and thrush |
molds | Multicellular Fungi |
hypha | filamentous cells
fungi cells |
Mycelium | - a mass of hyphae |
Fruiting body- | reproductive structure |
Mushrooms | reproductive structures |
Kingdom Fungi repriduction | Many Fungi are capable of both asexual
and sexual reproduction.
Both types of reproduction produce
spores.
Fungi are classified by the type of fruiting
body (reproductive structure)they form. |
Rhizopus stolonifer- | bread mold |
sporangium | produces genetically identical spores. |
Zygosporangium | When the hyphae of 2 different mating
types meet, they form a zygosporangium.
Zygosporangia produce spores that are
genetically diverse. |
Penicillium notatum | Produces the antibiotic penicillin
Discovered by Alexander Fleming |
Aspergillus niger | Aspergillus spores are in the environment and can cause lung infections in people with compromised immune systems. |
Stachybotrys chartarum | - toxic mold |