Question | Answer |
hydrocarbon | a long chain of carbon atoms that are linked together with hydrogen bonded to it. |
2 examples of hydrocarbons | coal, gasoline |
what is the monomer of carbohydrates? | sugars |
what elements make up carbohydrates? | carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen |
what is the monomer of a protein | amino acids |
what elements make up proteins? | carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and some sulfur |
what is the monomer of lipids? | fatty acid |
what elements make up lipids? | carbon, hydrogen, oxygen |
what are the monomers of nucleic acid? | nucleotide |
what process joins monomers? | dehydration synthesis |
why does the body need to do dehydration synthesis? | to link together monomers |
what process breaks down polymers? | hydrolysis |
why does the body need to do hydrolysis? | to break down the proteins, lipids, carbohydrates that you eat into monomers |
monosaccharide | 1 simple sugar |
what elements make up monosaccharides? | carbon, hydrogen, oxygen |
what are monosaccharides used for? | main fuel that cells use for cellular work. immediate energy |
disaccharide | double sugar |
what are disaccharides used for? | transport |
polysaccharide | many sugars |
what are the three polysaccharides? | starch, glycogen, cellulose |
what do starches do? | energy storage in plants |
what does glycogen do? | food storage in animals |
what does cellulose do? | structural support in plants |
organic molecule | made by living organisms and contain carbon. Carbon is often used as the BACKBONE of the molecule. |
inorganic molecule | derived from nonliving things and don't contain carbon. |
how many bonds will carbon make with other elements? | 4 |
polymer | carbon compounds made up of many monomers |
monomer | individual small unit molecules |
what are the 4 classes of organic molecules? | carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acid |
isomer | molecule with the same chemical formula, but different structural formula. |
example of isomers | fructose and glucose |
saturated fat | glycerol molecule. fatty acid tails that have a carbon-carbon as single bonds, and the chain is saturated with hydrogens |
unsaturated fat | glycerol molecule. fatty avid tails that have one or more double bonds connecting the carbons in the chain. |
what is an example of a saturated fat? | butter |
why are saturated fats solid at room temperature? | because it can copy the shape of its neighbor causing layering |
what is an example of an unsaturated fat? | corn oil |
why are unsaturated fats liquid at room temperate? | because the double bonds fix the shape not allowing it to copy the shape of its neighboring chains |
why do lipids have more energy per gram than carbohydrates? | because it contains more carbon-hydrogen and less hydroxyl |
what are glycerides used for? | long term energy storage |
what are phospholipids used for? | in cell membrane |
what are waxes used for? | help conserve water in many plant leaves |
how is the structure of a steroid different than a triglyceride? | a steroid is a ring of carbons and a triglyceride is a chain |
what are steroids used for? | physical development from puberty on to old age and fertility cycles |
how many types of amino acids are used in living things? | 20 |
what is the role of fibrous proteins? | structural role, skin, bones |
what are the 4 roles of globular proteins? | enzymes that do chemical reactions, transport oxygen to cells, antibodies, hormones to regulate body functions. |
what are the 3 parts of a nucleotide? | 5 carbon sugar ribose, phosphate, nitrogen- containing base |
what is the role of singular nucleotides? | temporarily carry energy |
what is the role of DNA? | stores hereditary information |
what is the role of RNA? | assisting DNA in making a protein |
what are foods that are rich in carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids? | carb- grains, potatoes pasta proteins- meats lipids- vegetable oils and fats |
what is the chemical formula of a monosaccharide? | C6H12O6 |
what is the chemical formula of a disaccharide? | C12H22O11 |
how many water molecules must be removed if 5 monosaccharide monomers join? | 4 |
what is the ratio of carbon hydrogen and oxygen in a monosaccharide? | 1:2:1 |
organic chemistry | study of carbon compounds |
macromolecules | study of large organic molecules |
functional groups | groups of atoms that give properties to the carbon compounds to which they attach |
what kind of energy do carbohydrates give animals? | immediate |
do mono and di saccharides dissolve readily in water? | yes |
what is the most abundant organic compound on earth? | cellulose |
what is cellulose known as in food? | dietary fiber |
alpha structure | sugar molecules identically linked to each other to make coiled chains |
beta structure | sugar molecules are alternate to each other making straight chains |
what is an example of an alpha structure? | plant and animal starches |
why is cellulose water insoluble? | because they are straight chain molecules with hydrogen bonding to each other also making it nondigestible |
what polysaccharide contains nitrogen? | CHITIN |
what is carb and proteins cal/gram | 4 |
what is lipids cal/gram | 9 |
what are glycerides used for? | long term energy storage and insulation in animals |
saturated fat | saturated with hydrogens. no double bonds |
unsatured fat | has one or more double bonds connecting the carbons.have fewer carbon hydrogen bonds in the chain |
monounsaturated fat | one double bond |
polyunsaturated fat | two double bonds |
what are hydrogenated oils | they replace double bonds of unsaturated fats with single bonds of saturated fats and are hard for your body to break down |
HDL | good cholesterol |
LDL | bad cholesterol |
what affects the function of a protein? | its shape |
what are three ways to denature proteins? | heating, adding bases, adding acids |
what is the shape of fibrous proteins? | long chains |
what is the shape of globular proteins? | a glob |
primary structure | amino acid sequence |
secondary structure | folding as a result of hydrogen bonding |
tertiary structure | secondary folding caused by order of amino acids |
quaternary structure | different folded chains come together to make a larger protein unit |