| Question | Answer |
| What is the major extracellular fluid cation? | Sodium |
| What is the primary regulator of sodium? | Kidneys |
| Water balance affects what causing an effect on BP? | Blood volume |
| What is chloride's function? | Gastric acidity |
| A salt that dissolves in H2O and dissociates and conducts electricity is what? | Electrolyte |
| The main cation intracellular fluid is what? | Potassium |
| What is the most abundant mineral in the body? | Calcium |
| What hormone regulates calcium? | Vitamin D |
| In what 3 ways is calcium regulated? | intestine: absorbs calcium
bone: releases calcium
kidney: excretes calcium |
| What occurs when calcium is too low? | Osteoblasts build new bone from extra calcium in the blood |
| What are the main sources of calcium? | Milk, milk products, green leafy vegetables, fortified OJ |
| Osteoporosis is the deficiency of what mineral? | Calcium |
| What are the functions of magnesium? | enzyme action
protein synthesis
estrogen metabolism
makes ATP
bone mineralization
smooth muscle relaxer
involves immune system |
| What mineral is involved in linking of protein? | Sulfer |
| Name the individual B vitamins | Thiamin
Riboflavin
Niacin
Biotin
Pantothenic acid
Pyroxidine
Folate
Colabalmin
Choline |
| Which vitamins are involved in the Krebs cycle? | Thiamin
Riboflavin
Folate |
| Name 3 characteristics of water soluble vitamins? | Individual units, no links
no energy
Coenzyme |
| Which water soluble vitamin is involved in the metabolism of glucose, fat, and alcohol? | Niacin |
| The function of biotin is? | energy producing pathways |
| What is required for ACoA to be made? | Pantothenic acid |
| The active form of vitamin B5 is? | P5P |
| Pyridoxine is active in what? | Transamination (transfer of amino groups) |
| Microcytic anemia is a deficiency of what B vitamin? | B6 Pyridoxine |
| Without which vitamin is folate trapped in the cell? | B12 Cobalamin |
| What are the functions of folate? | part of the coenzyme THF and DHF
involved in DNA synthesis
involved in Krebs cycle
involved in B12 metabolism
involved in gene silencing |
| What is the RDA for folate for pregnant women? Average people? | 800 mcg and 400 mcg minimally |
| What sources can folate be found? | green leafy vegetables, legumes, oranges, OJ |
| What is the synthetic form of B12? | Cyanocobalamin |
| Pernicious anemia is a deficiency of what vitamin? | Cobalamin |
| What sources is cobalamin found? | all animal products and soy |
| Name the vitamins/minerals involved in cell differentiation. | B12
Vitamin A
B7 |
| What is the name of Vitamin C? | Ascrobic acid |
| What is the function of Vitamin C? | Antioxidant
Increases iron absorption
Collagen formation |
| Vitamin A plant food is converted into what? | B carotene |
| What are the three clinical application involving vitamin D? | Cancer prevention
helps decrease inflammation
involved in regulation of the immune system |
| What vitamin prevents the oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids? | Vitamin E |
| What vitamin causes blood clotting? | Vitamin K |
| What is an emulsifier? | enzyme that breaks down fat |
| Where does digestion begin? | Mouth |
| Where does absorption begin? | Small intestine |
| Where is fat digested? | Small intestine |
| Protein is digested in which organ? | Stomach |
| Metabolism of glycolysis occurs where in the cell? | Cytosol |
| What is only required in glycolysis? | Carbs |
| One glucose molecule is broken down into what? | 2 pyruvate molecules |
| Metabolism of the Krebs cycle and electron transport chain occurs where in the cell? | Mitochondria |
| How many ATPs does 1 glucose molecule produce? | 36 or 38 ATPs |
| What increases right after eating? | Lipoprotein Lipase and Insulin activity |
| Hormone sensitive lipase activity and epinephrine increases after how many hours of no food? | Fast 8-12 hours |
| Prolonged fast includes which of the following? | Gluconeogenesis
Ketone body formation
HSL increase
epinephrine increase |
| Alcohol yields how many calories? | 7 |
| What happens when too much alcohol is consume? | Fatty acids accumulate then fibrosis then cirrhosis |
| Two acetyl CoA combines via condensation to create? | Acetoacetate |
| Ketone formation occurs when? | Not eating enough carbs |
| The functions of iron are what? | Part of hemoglobin in RBSs
Part of myoglobin in muscle |
| What is the factor that increases iron absorption? | HCL |
| What is the factor that decreases iron absorption? | Calcium |
| What are the functions of zinc? | Wound healing
synthesis of retina
production of sperm
antioxidant that works with vitamin A |
| What trace mineral is part of the hormone T3 and T4 | Iodine |
| What is the deficiency of iodine? | Goiter |
| Selenium is an antioxidant that works with what vitamin? | Vitamin E |
| What enzyme is selenium apart of? | Glutathione |
| What is the number one food source for selenium? | Brazilian nuts |
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