| |
Hunter-gatherers | first domesticated animals
and used the meat, bones, and skins just as
they had done before domestication; other uses
(milk, clothing, power, war, sport, and prestige)
came later. |
Animal science is | simply the collective study of
domestic animals. |
Animal science is divided into specific
disciplines, or specialties as follows: (8 of Them) | – Animal Genetics
– Animal Nutrition
– Animal Physiology
– Animal health
– Ethology
– Meat science
– Dairy product science
– Biotechnology |
approximately___billion large farm animals and
___billion poultry throughout the world. | 4.5 and 19.8 |
Poultry numbers have increased more rapidly at
an average rate of over__annually. | 5% |
• meat supplies approximately____
• milk provides approximately____,
• fish supplies approximately____,
• and eggs supply___. | 49.5%,
25.8%,
16%
8.7% |
Meat, eggs, and dairy products are important food
sources because they are | Nutrient Dense |
Annual per capita meat supply ranges from over____. in affluent countries to very little in poor countries. | 300 lbs |
The___is the most important meat source, producing__of the world’s meat | pig
38% |
World meat production has increased steadily for many years at an average rate of___per year | 2% |
Cattle supply___of the world’s milk supply. – Buffalos supply ___of world’s milk. | 83%
13% |
In addition to meat, poultry species produce a_____high quality product—____. | Second
Eggs |
sheep (____and Persian lambskins),
• goats (_____and mohair), | wool
Cashmere |
xenotransplantation (what happens to a pig liver and human liver) | the replacing of human organs with those from animals, is an active and promising area of research |
• The stresses of the natural and/or artificial
environment that affect animals may be
classified as: (5 of them) | -climatic stresses,
– nutritional stresses,
– internal stresses,
– geographical stresses,
– and social stresse |
_______or______changes are
changes in form and structure. | Morphological
Anatomical |
Two terms,__________and________, refer to a country’s level of economic
development | Developed Countries
Developing Countries |
___________are usually small, labor-intensive
farm units.
__________are usually large range units. | Intensive Systems
Extensive Systems |
________is the study of how the body uses the nutrients in feed to sustain life and for productive purposes. | Nutrition |
________are substances required for life processes, reproduction, growth and lactation | Nutrients |
The nutrient classifications are:
. | – water,
– carbohydrates,
– vitamins,
– minerals,
– proteins, – and fats (lipids) |
The amount of nutrients depends on: | – type of species, its digestive tract, and any peculiarities of its metabolism; –
and the level of production and the product(s) being produced (work, fetus, growth, milk, eggs, and fiber). |
Monogastrics, or nonruminants | are one stomached, or simple-stomach animals.
Include chicken, turkey, swine and horse |
ruminants | —cattle, sheep, goats have four
compartment stomach. Pseudoruminants
(llamas) have three |
Prehension, | the means an animal uses to
bring food into its mouth, is the first step of
digestion. |
• Mastication
• | , or chewing, involves the action
of the jaw and teeth to crush the food. |
Salivation | includes secretion and mixing of
saliva with food |
The small intestine is divided into three
portions: | duodenum
jejunum
ileum |
The large intestine has three parts: (CCR) | the cecum,
the colon, and the rectum. |
Defecation | is the discharge of excrement from
the body via the rectum or cloaca. |
Micturition | is urination |
The complex stomach is comprised of four
compartments: | – rumen,
– reticulum,
– omasum,
– and the abomasum. |
genotype, | sets
the stage for traits such coat type, coat color,
speed, body composition, growth, reproduction,
milk production, disease resistance, and other |
Chromosome Number of Different Species
Buffalo__
• Cat__
• Cattle__
• Dog__
• Donkey__
• Goat__
• Horse__
• Pig__
• Sheep__ | 60
38
60
78
62
60
64
38
54 |
• The segment of the deoxyribose, phosphate,
and one of the bases is called a______. | nucleotide |
The entire genetic material of an animal is
termed its_____. | genome |
Each parent produces reproductive cells called
_____. | gametes |
Another feature of the chromosome is the
______, which can be located anywhere
along the chromosome. | centromere |
_______is the process of
somatic cell division | Mitosis |
The cell division that occurs in gametogenesis is
called_____. | meiosis |
Renewable | You don't kill the animals you cut the hair/ take the fat etc. and it will grow back |
China | produces the most pork in the world |
Fat soluble vitamins (A,D,E,K) | Not washed through urine |
Water Soluble Vitamins ( B and C) | Washed out through urine |
Cellulose | major carbohydrate found in forages such as fresh pastures, silage, and hay |
Sheeps | 8000 bc |
Goats Cattles Pigs | 6500 bc |
Chicken | 6000 bc |
llama | 5500 bc |
donkeys | 4000 bc |
horses | 3500 bc |
reindeer | 3000 bc |
The most important us for animals for humans is food. Name the 5 other uses. | 1. Religion
2. Companionship
3. Sports
4. Recreation
5. Manufacturing |
DNA sequencing suggest that the dog may have been domesticated 135,000 years ago, but archeological evidence suggest that the dog was domesticated ____________ years ago. | 14,000 years ago (12,000) BC |
How much of the worlds meat, milk, and wool come from large farm animals is developing countries? What are some reasons? | 1/3
Lack of technology, different objectives of production, disease challenges, and environmental stresses. |
List 6 food contributions of animals to humans | 1. Meat
2. Blood
3. Fat
4. Edible slaughter by-products
5. Milk
6. Eggs |
List 7 body covering contributions of animals to humans | 1. Pelts
2. Feathers
3. Fur
4. Hair
5. Hides
6. Leather
7. Wool |
List 2 work contributions of animals to humans | 1. Draft and other labor
2. Transportation |
List 4 body waste contributions of animals to humans | 1. Fuel
2. Fertilizers
3. Construction material
4. Animal feed |
List 6 other uses for animals | 1. Income
2. Recreation
3. Storage of capital
4. Prestige
5. Religion/ cultural needs
6. Companionship |
Plants supply ___% of the total food energy consumed by the world. | 82.8% |
Animal product supply __% of the total food energy consumed by the world. | 17.2% |
Animals supply __% of the world's protein. | 38.5% |
__% of the calories in the average diet in North America is from animal products compared to __% for the average African? | 27%
7.4% |
Draft animals are important in what three countries? | Asian, African, and Latin American |
What amount of feed in the U.S is inedible for humans? | 2/3 |
List 6 feeds in U.S. livestock that is not suitable for human consumption. | 1. Hay
2. Coarse forages
3. Damaged foods
4. By products
5. Garbage
6. Pasture |
The world's population is expected to reach 9 billion by what year? | 2050 |