Question | Answer |
What is the weakest type of bond? | hydrogen bonds |
What are hydrophilic interactions? | interactions with H2O |
What is the strongest type of bond? | covalent bonds |
What is the chemistry of water? | polar covalent bonds; H2O molecules form H-bonds with each other |
Why are we studying water | All life occurs in water; inside and outside of cell |
What is cohesion & adhesion | surface tension & capillary action
cohesion: the bonding of water molecules that pull each other along
adhesion: the attraction of water molecules to other substances |
What does it mean that water is the greatest solvent of life? | many molecules dissolve in H2O, hydrogen bonds can break up substances |
What property describes why ice floats | lower density as a solid |
What is moderation of a temperature | high specific heat = water stores heat
high heat of vaporization = heats & cools slowly |
How does water get to the top of trees? | transpiration is built of cohesion and adhesion; water goes through cell walls and permeable membranes |
What makes water a good solvent | polarity |
What is hydrophilic | substances that have an attraction to water; mainly polar. |
What is hydrophobic | substances that do not dissolve in water, usually non-polar |
What is polar | unevenly charged |
Why is it important that ice floats? | so that bodies of water don't freeze solid, allows ice to survive in water. |
How does freezing affect the layers of the ocean | water freezes on top so if ice sank than the water would freeze bottom up and kill life inside water |
How is ice formed? | Hydrogen bonds form a crystal lattice |
What is specific heat? | H2O is resistant to change in temperature |
What does it mean that water moderates temperature | water stores heat and releases it. |
more hydrogen ions? | acidic |
less hydrogen ions | basic |
[H+] and [-Oh] is equal | neutral |
what is the pH of a solution that is 10^(-7) | seven |
what do buffers do in our bodies | keep our body at a certain pH |
Why is it important that our body maintains a certain pH | we would die if it didn't |
What are some ways that buffers maintain that body's pH? | donates [H+] when falls, absorbs when too high. |
What are the six most abundant elements of life (CHNOPS) | carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphate, sulfur |
What do we study carbon | all life is built on carbon |
What is organic chemistry | the study of carbon compounds |
What are the properties of carbon? | bonding properties, 4 stable covalent bonds, basis of all life, different forms in which it exists |
What are hydrocarbons? | combination of carbon and hydrogen |
What are properties of hydrocarbons | non-polar, stable, very little attraction between molecules, gas at room temperature |
What are macromolecules | smaller organic molecules join together to form large molcules |
What are the four major classes of macromolecules | lipids, proteins, nucleic acids and carbohydrates |
What are polymers and what are their building blocks? | long molecules built by linking repeating blocks in a change; monomers are building blocks |
Which type of bonds hold together monomers | covalent bonds |
What is the name of the process that binds together monomers | dehydration synthesis |
What is the name of the process that breaks about monomers | hydrolysis |
Which process loses a water molecule | dehydration synthesis |
which process adds a water molecules | hydrolysis |
What does hydrolysis require | energy and enzymes |
What is an example of hydrolysis | digestion |
What is an example of dehydration synthesis | condensation reaction |
What does dehydration reaction require | energy and enzymes |
What are the building blocks of carbohydrates | monosaccharides |
What are that functions of carbs | energy, raw materials, energy storage, structural compounds |
Most of the names of sugars end in what? | -ose |
How are sugars classifies | by the number of carbons |
When is the energy stored in carbon bonds harvested? | in cellular respiration |
example of monosaccharide | glucose |
example of disaccharide | sucrose |
polysaccharides | starch |
are polysaccharides reversible | yes; easily |
How do certain polysaccharides polysaccharides differ? | molecular structure, isomers, |
what is a structural isomer | same elements, different structure |
What is cellulose | most abundant organic compound on earth, cell walls and such |
What are ruminants? | able to digest cellulose through four chamber stomach and chew on cud |
Hind-gut fermenters | eat waste |
What is the most structurally &functionally diverse group | proteins |
What are the monomers of proteins | amino acids |
What make up amino acids | central carbons, amino groups, carboxyl gropus, r groups |
What are r groups | variable groups that are different for each amino acids (side chain) |
How is sulfur important | it forms disulfide bridges, (covalent crosslinks between sulfhydryls/stabilizes 3D structure) |
What are peptide bonds? | covalent bonds between two amino acids/ carbon-nitrogen bond |
What does it meant that polypeptide chains have direction? | can only grow in one direction |
What does function depend on? | structure |
primary structure | amino acid sequence-peptide bonds determined by DNA |
secondary structure | k groups H bonds |
What is tertiary structure | r groups hydrophobic interactions and disulfide bridges |
quaternary structure | multiple polypeptide chains, hydrophobic interactions |
What is protein denaturation | unfolding a protein, |
What are some causes of protein dneaturation | extreme conditions of temperature pH and salinity |
what does protein denaturation destroy | functionality |
function of nucleic acids | genetic materials, stores info, genes, blueprint for making proteins |
What are the two main nucleic acids | DNA & RNA |
difference between deoxyribose and ribose | deoxyribose lacks an oxygen atom on the second carbon in the ring |
What is the monomer of nucleic acids | nucleotides |
What makes up a nucleotide | pentose sugar, nitrogen base and phosphate group |
What elements are in lipids | carbon, hydrogen and oxygen |
What are the "family groups" of lipids | fats phopholipids and steroids |
lipids do not form | polymers |
What makes up fats | glycerol + fatty acid (long hydrocarbon chain) |
what do fats store | energy |
what are other functions of fats | cushion organs, insulate body |
What are saturated fats | no double carbon bonds, straight, solid at room tempurature |
What are unsaturated fats | double bonds, kinks, liquid at room temperature |
What are pohpholipids | glycerol and 2 fatty acids |
How are phospholipids assembled when they are by water | hydrophilic heads attracted to H2O and hydrophilic tails "hide" from H2O |
What is the structure of steroids? | 4 fused C rings |
How are different steroids crated? | by attaching different functional groups to rings |
How is cholesterol important | important cell component: animal cell membranes, precursor of all other steroids |
What are some important sex hormones? | estradiol, and testosterone |
How much energy transfers from one trophic level to the next? | 10% |
Life is built on what? | chemical reactions; transforming energy from one form to another |
What is metabolism | chemical reactions of life |
What some examples of metabolic pathways | dehydrations synthesis and hydrolysis |
catabolic reactions | braking down |
anabolic reactions | building |
exeronic reactions | release energy/ catabolic |
endergonic reactions | require input of energy/ anabolic |
What is coupling | exergonic reactions with endergonic reactions give required energy to organisms |
Why don't downhill reactions happen spontaneously | because covalent bonds are stable bonds |
What is activation energy | energy required for the reaction |
What helps reduce activation energy | catalysts |
Why are catalysts important | activation energy required would kill us without them |
What are enzymes | biological catalysts required for most biological reactions |
What is a substrate | reactant that binds to enzyme |
what is a product | end result |
What is the active site | where te subtrate goes |
What tare the properties of enzymes | reactions specific (each enzyme works with a specific substrate), not consumed in reaction, affected by cellular conditions |
What is induced fit | substrate binding causes enzyme to change shape leading to a tighter fit; conformation fit |
What factors affect enzyme function | enzyme concentration, substrate concentration, temperature, pH, salinity, activators, and inhibitors |
What does it mean that the reaction rate levels off (enzyme concentration) | substrate becomes limiliting factor, not all enzyme molecules can find substrate |
What does it mean that the reaction rate levels off (substrate concentration) | all enzymes have active site engage; enzyme is saturated; maximum rate of reaction |
What is optimum | different enzymes function in different organisms in different environments |
What are cofactors | non-protein small inorganic compounds that bind within enzyme molcule |
what are coenzymes | non-protein organic molecules, bind temporarily or permanently to enzyme near active site |
What compounds regulat enzymes | competitive inhibitor, noncompetitive inhibitor, reversible inhibitor, feedbakck inhibition |
What is a competitive inhibitor | inhibitor and substrate compete for active site |
how is a competitive inhibitor overcome | increasing concentration |
noncompeitive inhibitor | inhibitor binds to site other than active site; causes enzyme to change shape |
irreversible inhibition | competitor permantently binds to active site; |
What is allosteric regulation | conformational changes by regulatory molecules; |
inhibitors | keeps enzyme in inactive form |
activators | keeps enzyme in active form |
what are metabolic pathways | cahin of reactions |
what do metabolic pathways link | endergonic and exergonic reactions |
what is feedback inhibition | regulation and coordination of production |
What is cooperativity | substrate acts as an activator; substrate causes conformational change in enzyme; favors binding of substrate at 2nd sit; makes enzyme more active and effective. |