Question | Answer |
inductive reasoning | specific observations to predict specific results |
deductive reasoning | general principles predict specific results |
dalton | atomic mass unit or amu, atomic theory |
cation | positive ion |
anion | negative ion |
hydrogen bonds | forms when a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to one electronegative atom |
van de Waals interactions | weak and occur only when atoms and molecues are very close together |
cohesion | hydrogens hold the substance together |
adhesion | clinging of one substance to another |
colloid | a stable suspension of fine particles in a liquid |
isomers | compounds that have the same number of atoms of the same elements but different structures and hence different properties |
structural isomers | differ in the covalent arrangements of their atoms |
geometric isomers | have the same covalent partnerships, but they differ in their spatial arrangements |
cis isomer | two Xs on the same side |
trans isomer | two Xs on opposite sides |
enantiomers | isomers that are mirror images of each other |
hydroxyl group | -OH;is polar and can form bonds with water molecules |
hydroxyl group | alchols;ex ethanol |
carbonyl group | >CO;found in sugars |
ketones | carbonyl group within a carbon skeletonex aceton |
aldehydes | carbonyl group at the end of the carbon skeletonex propanal |
carboxyl group | -COOH;has acidic properties and found in cells in ionized form |
carboxylic acids | organic acids |
acetic acid | gives vinegar its sour taste |
amino group | -NH2;acts as a baseex glycine |
amines | amino group compound |
sulfhydryl group | -SH, forms cross-linking bondsex cysetine |
thiols | sulfhydryl group |
phosphate group | -OPO3,2-;has potential to react with water;ex glycerol |
methyl | -CH3;addition affects expression of genes |
carbohydrates | serves as fuel and building material |
monosaccharides | glucose, fructose |
disaccharides | lactose, sucrose |
polysaccharides | cellulose, starch, glycogen, and chitin |
monosaccharidesand disaccharides | fuel; can be combined to polymers |
polysaccharides | strengthens cell walls;stores glucose for energy; strengthens exoskeletons and fungal cell walls |
lipids | diverse group of hydrophobic molecules |
triacylglycerols | glycerol + 3 fatty acids |
triacylglycerols | important energy source |
phospholipids | phosphate group + 2 fatty acids |
phospholipids | lipid bilayers of membranes |
steroids | four fused rings with attached chemical groups |
steroids | component of cell membranes; signaling molecules that travel through the body |
proteins | have many structures, resulting in a wide range of functions |
proteins | enzymes;structural;storage;transport |
nucleic acids | store and transmit genetic information |
ester | Formed by combining an acid and alcohol |
alpha glucose | starch |
beta glucose | cellulose |
primary structure | refering to the specific sequence of amino acids |
How does the primary structure arise? | the making of peptide bonds between amino acids through condensation |
Secondary structure | arises from hydrogen bonds that form as the polypeptide BACKBONE folds or coils |
Tertiary structure | Superimposed on Secondary, arises from the interactions of side groupsof amino acids along polypeptide |
Quaternary structure | Arises from the assembly of multiple polypeptide subunits |