Question | Answer |
A ____ is the basic structural unit of all plants and animals. A membrane enclosing a thick fluid and nucleus. | cell |
____ are specialized to carry out all of the body's basic functions. | Cells |
The three main elements of the cell are the ____ ____, ____, and ____. | cell membrane, cytoplasm, organelles |
The ____ ____ is the outer covering of a cell. | cell membrane |
The cell membrane is also called the ____ ____. | plasma membrane |
____ means able to allow some, but not all, substances to pass through. | Semipermeable |
____ ____ are semipermeable. | Cell membranes |
____ is the thick fluid that fills a cell. | Cytoplasm |
____ is also called protoplasm. | Cytoplasm |
The ____ are the structures that perform specific functions within a cell. | organelles |
The ____ is the organelle within a cell that contains the DNA, or genetic material. | nucleus |
In the cells of higher organisms, the nucleus is surrounded by a ____. | membrane |
____ ____ or ____ is a high energy compound present in all cells, especially muscle cells, which, when split by enzyme action, yields energy. | Adenosine triphosphate, ATP |
____ is stored in ATP. | Energy |
Structural Hierarchy of the Body: ____ --> ____ --> ____ --> ____ ____ --> ____ | Cells, Tissues, Organs, Organ systems, Organism |
A ____ is a group of cells that perform a similar function. | tissue |
The ____ ____ is the protective tissue that lines internal and external body tissues. | epithelial tissue |
Skin, mucous membranes, and the lining of the intestinal tract are examples of ____ ____. | epithelial tissue |
The ____ ____ is the tissue that is capable of contractions when stimulated. | muscle tissue |
There are three types of muscle tissue; ____, ____, and ____. | cardiac, smooth, skeletal |
The myocardium, or heart muscle is an example of ____ ____ ____. | cardiac muscle tissue |
Muscle tissue within the intestines and surrounding blood vessels are and example of ____ ____ ____. | smooth muscle tissue |
Also known as striated, muscle tissue that allows skeletal movement is an example of ____ ____ ____. | skeletal muscle tissue |
____ ____ is mostly under voluntary, or conscious control. | Skeletal muscle |
____ ____ is under involuntary, or unconscious control. | Smooth muscle |
____ ____ is capable of spontaneous, or self-excited, contraction. | Cardiac muscle |
The ____ ____ is the most abundant body tissue. | connective tissue |
____ ____ provides support, connection, and insulation. | Connective tissue |
Bone, cartilage, fat, and blood are examples of ____ ____. | connective tissue |
The ____ ____ is the tissue that transmits electrical impulses throughout the body. | nerve tissue |
An ____ is a group of tissues functioning together. | organ |
The heart, liver, brain, ovary, and eye re examples of an ____. | organ |
An ____ ____ is a group of organs that work together. | organ system |
The gastrointestinal system, comprising the mouth, salivary glands, esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, rectum, and anus is an example of an ____ ____. | organ system |
An ____ is the sum of all the cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems of a living being. | organism |
The human and bacteria are examples of an ____. | organism |
The ____ of ay component of an organism - from the cellular level to the organ system level - can result in a serious ____ ____. | medical emergency |
____ is the natural tendency of the body to maintain a steady and normal internal environment. | Homeostasis |
____ is the structure of an organism. | anatomy |
____ is the functions of an organism, the physical and chemical processes of a living thing. | Physiology |
____ is the total changes that take place during physiological processes. | Metabolism |
When something interferes with the ___ ____ cells send to each other, a disease process can begin or advance. | electrochemical messages |
When normal ____ is disturbed the body attempts to restore normal ____, (i.e., homeostasis) | metabolism, metabolism |
Effects of Disease: ____ (at the site of the illness or injury) or ____ (throughout the body) | Local, Systemic |
The ____ ____ ____ is the body mechanisms that work to reverse, or compensate for, a pathophysiological process (or to reverse and physiological process, whether pathological or nonpathological). | negative feedback loop |
Control Systems: ____ system and ____ system | Nervous, Endocrine |
Some ____ and ____ derangements can result in death. | fluid, electrolyte |
The ____ ____ ____ or ____ is the total amount of water in the body at a given time. | total body water, TBW |
The ____ ____ or ____ is the fluid inside the body cells. | intracellular fluid, ICF |
The ____ ____ or ____ is the fluid outside the body cells. | extracellular fluid, ECF |
____ ____ is comprised of intracellular fluid and interstitial fluid. | Extracellular fluid |
The ____ ____ is the fluid within the circulatory system. | intravascular fluid |
Blood plasma is an example of ____ ____. | intravascular fluid |
Approximately ____% of all body fluid is located within the intracellular compartment. | 75 |
Water amounts for ____% of the total body weight. | 60 |
The ____ ____ contains the remaining 25% of all body water. | extracellular compartment |
The ____ ____ is the fluid in body tissues that is outside the cells and outside the vascular system | interstitial fluid |
A ____ is a substance that dissolves other substances, forming a solution. | solvent |
____ is the universal solvent. | Water |
____ is crucial to virtually all of the body's biochemical processes. | Water |
____ is the excessive loss of body fluid. | Dehydration |
Gastrointestinal losses, increased insensible loss, increased sweating, internal losses, and plasma losses are examples of what can cause ____. | dehydration |
Dehydration usually involves loss of both ____ and ____. | water, electrolytes |
____ is the normal tension in a cell or the resistance of the skin to deformation. | Turgor |
In a normally hydrated person, the skin, when pinched, will ____ return to its normal formation. | quickly |
In a dehydrated person, the skin, when pinched, will be ____ to return to normal formation. | slower |
____ is the presence of retention of an abnormally high amount of body fluid. | Overhydration |
An ____ is a substance that, in water, separates into electrically charged particles. | electrolyte |
____ is to separate or break down. | Dissociate |
Sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3), when placed in water, ____ into a sodium cation (Na+) and a bicarbonate anion (HCO-3). | dissociates |
An ____ is a charged particle; an atom or group of atoms whose electrical charge has changed from neutral to positive or negative by losing or gaining one or more electrons. | in |
In an atom's normal, ____ state, its positively charged protons and negatively charged electrons balance each other so that the atom's charge is ____. | nonionized, neutral |
A ____ is an ion with a positive charge - so called because it will be attracted to a cathode, or negative pole. | cation |
An ____ is an ion with a negative charge - so called because it will be attracted to an anode, or positive pole. | anion |
____ (____) is the most prevalent cation in the extracellular fluid. | Sodium, Na+ |
____ plays a major role in regulating the distribution of water because water is attracted to and moves with it. | Sodium |
____ (____) is the most prevalent cation in the intracellular fluid. | Potassium, K+ |
____ is important in the transmission of electrical impulses. | Potassium |
____ (____) plays a major role in muscle contraction as well as nervous impulse transmission. | Calcium, Ca++ |
____ (____) is necessary for several biochemical processes that occur in the body and is closely associated with phosphate in many processes. | Magnesium, Mg++ |
A ____ is a substance that tends to preserve or restore a normal acid-base balance by increasing or decreasing the concentration of hydrogen ions. | buffer |
____ (____) is an important anion because its negative charge balances the positive charge associated with cations. | Chloride, Cl- |
____ plays a major role in fluid balance and renal function. It has a close association with sodium. | Chloride |
____ (____) is the principal buffer of the body which mean that it neutralizes the highly acidic hydrogen ion (H+) and other organic acids. | Bicarbonate, HCO-3 |
____ (____) is important in body energy stores and is closely associated with magnesium in renal function. | Phosphate, HPO-4 |
____ acts as a buffer, primarily in the intracellular space, in much the same manner as bicarbonate. | Phosphate |
____ is equal in concentration of solute molecules; solutions may be this to each other. | Isotonic |
____ means having a greater concentration of solute molecules; one solution may be this to another. | Hypertonic |
____ means having a lesser concentration of solute molecules; one solution may be this to another. | Hypotonic |
The ____ ____ is the difference in concentration between solutions on opposite sides of a semipermeable membrane. | osmotic gradient |
____ is the movement of molecules through a membrane from an area of greater concentration to an area of lesser concentration. | Diffusion |
____ is the movement of water from an area of higher water concentration to an area of lesser water concentration. | Osmosis |
Because water is a solvent, it moves from an area of ____ solute concentration to an area of ____ solute concentration. | lower, higher |
____ is the passage of a solvent such as water through a membrane. | Osmosis |
____ ____ is the movement of a substance through a cell membrane against the osmotic gradient; that is, from an area of lesser concentration to an area of greater concentration, opposite to the normal direction of diffusion. | Active transport |
____ ____ is the diffusion of a substance such as a glucose through a call membrane that requires the assistance of a 'helper', or carrier protein. | Facilitated diffusion |
____ ____ is also known as carrier mediated diffusion. | Facilitated diffusion |
____ ___ is faster than diffusion, but it requires the expenditure of energy, which diffusion does not. | Active transport |
____ is the concentration of solute per kilogram of water. | Osmolality |
____ is the concentration of solute per liter of water. | Osmolarity |
The ____ ____ is the pressure exerted by the concentration of solutes on one side of a membrane that, if hypertonic, tends to 'pull' water (cause osmosis) from the other side of the membrane. | osmotic pressure |
The ____ ____ is a form of osmotic pressure exerted by the large protein particles, or colloids, present in blood plasma. | oncotic force |
In the capillaries, the ____ colloids tend to pull water from the interstitial space across the capillary membrane into the capillary with oncotic force. | plasma |
____ ____ is the blood pressure or force against vessel walls created by the heartbeat. | Hydrostatic pressure |
____ ____ tends to force water out of the capillaries into the interstitial space. | Hydrostatic pressure |
____ is the movement of water out of the plasma across the capillary membrane into the interstitial space. | Filtration |
____ ____ is the total loss of water from blood plasma across the capillary membrane into the interstitial space. | Net filtration |
Normally, hydrostatic pressure forcing water out of the capillary I balanced by an oncotic force pulling water into the capillary for a net filtration of ____. | zero |
____ is the abbreviation for potential of hydrogen which is a measure of acidity or alkalinity. | pH |
Since the pH scale is ____ to the concentration of acidic hydrogen ions, the lower the pH the greater the ____ and the higher the pH the greater the ____. | inverse, acidity alkalinity |
A normal pH range is ____ to ____. | 7.35, 7.45 |
____-____ ____ is a dynamic relationship that reflects the relative concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in the body. | Acid-base balance |
____ is a high concentration of hydrogen ions; a pH below ____. | Acidosis, 7.35 |
____ is a low concentration of hydrogen ions; a pH above ____. | Alkalosis, 7.45 |
The two components of the bicarbonate buffer system are ____ ____ (____) and ____ ____ (____). | bicarbonate ion (HCO-3), carbonic acid (H2CO3) |
In some circumstances, ____ ____ will combine with bicarbonate ion to produce carbonic acid which makes it in equilibrium with the two compounds. | hydrogen ion |