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Anatomy - Part 1
The Cell and the Cellular Environment
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| A ____ is the basic structural unit of all plants and animals. A membrane enclosing a thick fluid and nucleus. | cell |
| ____ are specialized to carry out all of the body's basic functions. | Cells |
| The three main elements of the cell are the ____ ____, ____, and ____. | cell membrane, cytoplasm, organelles |
| The ____ ____ is the outer covering of a cell. | cell membrane |
| The cell membrane is also called the ____ ____. | plasma membrane |
| ____ means able to allow some, but not all, substances to pass through. | Semipermeable |
| ____ ____ are semipermeable. | Cell membranes |
| ____ is the thick fluid that fills a cell. | Cytoplasm |
| ____ is also called protoplasm. | Cytoplasm |
| The ____ are the structures that perform specific functions within a cell. | organelles |
| The ____ is the organelle within a cell that contains the DNA, or genetic material. | nucleus |
| In the cells of higher organisms, the nucleus is surrounded by a ____. | membrane |
| ____ ____ or ____ is a high energy compound present in all cells, especially muscle cells, which, when split by enzyme action, yields energy. | Adenosine triphosphate, ATP |
| ____ is stored in ATP. | Energy |
| Structural Hierarchy of the Body: ____ --> ____ --> ____ --> ____ ____ --> ____ | Cells, Tissues, Organs, Organ systems, Organism |
| A ____ is a group of cells that perform a similar function. | tissue |
| The ____ ____ is the protective tissue that lines internal and external body tissues. | epithelial tissue |
| Skin, mucous membranes, and the lining of the intestinal tract are examples of ____ ____. | epithelial tissue |
| The ____ ____ is the tissue that is capable of contractions when stimulated. | muscle tissue |
| There are three types of muscle tissue; ____, ____, and ____. | cardiac, smooth, skeletal |
| The myocardium, or heart muscle is an example of ____ ____ ____. | cardiac muscle tissue |
| Muscle tissue within the intestines and surrounding blood vessels are and example of ____ ____ ____. | smooth muscle tissue |
| Also known as striated, muscle tissue that allows skeletal movement is an example of ____ ____ ____. | skeletal muscle tissue |
| ____ ____ is mostly under voluntary, or conscious control. | Skeletal muscle |
| ____ ____ is under involuntary, or unconscious control. | Smooth muscle |
| ____ ____ is capable of spontaneous, or self-excited, contraction. | Cardiac muscle |
| The ____ ____ is the most abundant body tissue. | connective tissue |
| ____ ____ provides support, connection, and insulation. | Connective tissue |
| Bone, cartilage, fat, and blood are examples of ____ ____. | connective tissue |
| The ____ ____ is the tissue that transmits electrical impulses throughout the body. | nerve tissue |
| An ____ is a group of tissues functioning together. | organ |
| The heart, liver, brain, ovary, and eye re examples of an ____. | organ |
| An ____ ____ is a group of organs that work together. | organ system |
| The gastrointestinal system, comprising the mouth, salivary glands, esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, rectum, and anus is an example of an ____ ____. | organ system |
| An ____ is the sum of all the cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems of a living being. | organism |
| The human and bacteria are examples of an ____. | organism |
| The ____ of ay component of an organism - from the cellular level to the organ system level - can result in a serious ____ ____. | medical emergency |
| ____ is the natural tendency of the body to maintain a steady and normal internal environment. | Homeostasis |
| ____ is the structure of an organism. | anatomy |
| ____ is the functions of an organism, the physical and chemical processes of a living thing. | Physiology |
| ____ is the total changes that take place during physiological processes. | Metabolism |
| When something interferes with the ___ ____ cells send to each other, a disease process can begin or advance. | electrochemical messages |
| When normal ____ is disturbed the body attempts to restore normal ____, (i.e., homeostasis) | metabolism, metabolism |
| Effects of Disease: ____ (at the site of the illness or injury) or ____ (throughout the body) | Local, Systemic |
| The ____ ____ ____ is the body mechanisms that work to reverse, or compensate for, a pathophysiological process (or to reverse and physiological process, whether pathological or nonpathological). | negative feedback loop |
| Control Systems: ____ system and ____ system | Nervous, Endocrine |
| Some ____ and ____ derangements can result in death. | fluid, electrolyte |
| The ____ ____ ____ or ____ is the total amount of water in the body at a given time. | total body water, TBW |
| The ____ ____ or ____ is the fluid inside the body cells. | intracellular fluid, ICF |
| The ____ ____ or ____ is the fluid outside the body cells. | extracellular fluid, ECF |
| ____ ____ is comprised of intracellular fluid and interstitial fluid. | Extracellular fluid |
| The ____ ____ is the fluid within the circulatory system. | intravascular fluid |
| Blood plasma is an example of ____ ____. | intravascular fluid |
| Approximately ____% of all body fluid is located within the intracellular compartment. | 75 |
| Water amounts for ____% of the total body weight. | 60 |
| The ____ ____ contains the remaining 25% of all body water. | extracellular compartment |
| The ____ ____ is the fluid in body tissues that is outside the cells and outside the vascular system | interstitial fluid |
| A ____ is a substance that dissolves other substances, forming a solution. | solvent |
| ____ is the universal solvent. | Water |
| ____ is crucial to virtually all of the body's biochemical processes. | Water |
| ____ is the excessive loss of body fluid. | Dehydration |
| Gastrointestinal losses, increased insensible loss, increased sweating, internal losses, and plasma losses are examples of what can cause ____. | dehydration |
| Dehydration usually involves loss of both ____ and ____. | water, electrolytes |
| ____ is the normal tension in a cell or the resistance of the skin to deformation. | Turgor |
| In a normally hydrated person, the skin, when pinched, will ____ return to its normal formation. | quickly |
| In a dehydrated person, the skin, when pinched, will be ____ to return to normal formation. | slower |
| ____ is the presence of retention of an abnormally high amount of body fluid. | Overhydration |
| An ____ is a substance that, in water, separates into electrically charged particles. | electrolyte |
| ____ is to separate or break down. | Dissociate |
| Sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3), when placed in water, ____ into a sodium cation (Na+) and a bicarbonate anion (HCO-3). | dissociates |
| An ____ is a charged particle; an atom or group of atoms whose electrical charge has changed from neutral to positive or negative by losing or gaining one or more electrons. | in |
| In an atom's normal, ____ state, its positively charged protons and negatively charged electrons balance each other so that the atom's charge is ____. | nonionized, neutral |
| A ____ is an ion with a positive charge - so called because it will be attracted to a cathode, or negative pole. | cation |
| An ____ is an ion with a negative charge - so called because it will be attracted to an anode, or positive pole. | anion |
| ____ (____) is the most prevalent cation in the extracellular fluid. | Sodium, Na+ |
| ____ plays a major role in regulating the distribution of water because water is attracted to and moves with it. | Sodium |
| ____ (____) is the most prevalent cation in the intracellular fluid. | Potassium, K+ |
| ____ is important in the transmission of electrical impulses. | Potassium |
| ____ (____) plays a major role in muscle contraction as well as nervous impulse transmission. | Calcium, Ca++ |
| ____ (____) is necessary for several biochemical processes that occur in the body and is closely associated with phosphate in many processes. | Magnesium, Mg++ |
| A ____ is a substance that tends to preserve or restore a normal acid-base balance by increasing or decreasing the concentration of hydrogen ions. | buffer |
| ____ (____) is an important anion because its negative charge balances the positive charge associated with cations. | Chloride, Cl- |
| ____ plays a major role in fluid balance and renal function. It has a close association with sodium. | Chloride |
| ____ (____) is the principal buffer of the body which mean that it neutralizes the highly acidic hydrogen ion (H+) and other organic acids. | Bicarbonate, HCO-3 |
| ____ (____) is important in body energy stores and is closely associated with magnesium in renal function. | Phosphate, HPO-4 |
| ____ acts as a buffer, primarily in the intracellular space, in much the same manner as bicarbonate. | Phosphate |
| ____ is equal in concentration of solute molecules; solutions may be this to each other. | Isotonic |
| ____ means having a greater concentration of solute molecules; one solution may be this to another. | Hypertonic |
| ____ means having a lesser concentration of solute molecules; one solution may be this to another. | Hypotonic |
| The ____ ____ is the difference in concentration between solutions on opposite sides of a semipermeable membrane. | osmotic gradient |
| ____ is the movement of molecules through a membrane from an area of greater concentration to an area of lesser concentration. | Diffusion |
| ____ is the movement of water from an area of higher water concentration to an area of lesser water concentration. | Osmosis |
| Because water is a solvent, it moves from an area of ____ solute concentration to an area of ____ solute concentration. | lower, higher |
| ____ is the passage of a solvent such as water through a membrane. | Osmosis |
| ____ ____ is the movement of a substance through a cell membrane against the osmotic gradient; that is, from an area of lesser concentration to an area of greater concentration, opposite to the normal direction of diffusion. | Active transport |
| ____ ____ is the diffusion of a substance such as a glucose through a call membrane that requires the assistance of a 'helper', or carrier protein. | Facilitated diffusion |
| ____ ____ is also known as carrier mediated diffusion. | Facilitated diffusion |
| ____ ___ is faster than diffusion, but it requires the expenditure of energy, which diffusion does not. | Active transport |
| ____ is the concentration of solute per kilogram of water. | Osmolality |
| ____ is the concentration of solute per liter of water. | Osmolarity |
| The ____ ____ is the pressure exerted by the concentration of solutes on one side of a membrane that, if hypertonic, tends to 'pull' water (cause osmosis) from the other side of the membrane. | osmotic pressure |
| The ____ ____ is a form of osmotic pressure exerted by the large protein particles, or colloids, present in blood plasma. | oncotic force |
| In the capillaries, the ____ colloids tend to pull water from the interstitial space across the capillary membrane into the capillary with oncotic force. | plasma |
| ____ ____ is the blood pressure or force against vessel walls created by the heartbeat. | Hydrostatic pressure |
| ____ ____ tends to force water out of the capillaries into the interstitial space. | Hydrostatic pressure |
| ____ is the movement of water out of the plasma across the capillary membrane into the interstitial space. | Filtration |
| ____ ____ is the total loss of water from blood plasma across the capillary membrane into the interstitial space. | Net filtration |
| Normally, hydrostatic pressure forcing water out of the capillary I balanced by an oncotic force pulling water into the capillary for a net filtration of ____. | zero |
| ____ is the abbreviation for potential of hydrogen which is a measure of acidity or alkalinity. | pH |
| Since the pH scale is ____ to the concentration of acidic hydrogen ions, the lower the pH the greater the ____ and the higher the pH the greater the ____. | inverse, acidity alkalinity |
| A normal pH range is ____ to ____. | 7.35, 7.45 |
| ____-____ ____ is a dynamic relationship that reflects the relative concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in the body. | Acid-base balance |
| ____ is a high concentration of hydrogen ions; a pH below ____. | Acidosis, 7.35 |
| ____ is a low concentration of hydrogen ions; a pH above ____. | Alkalosis, 7.45 |
| The two components of the bicarbonate buffer system are ____ ____ (____) and ____ ____ (____). | bicarbonate ion (HCO-3), carbonic acid (H2CO3) |
| In some circumstances, ____ ____ will combine with bicarbonate ion to produce carbonic acid which makes it in equilibrium with the two compounds. | hydrogen ion |
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whit_1348
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