Term | Definition |
3 basic types of cells | 1.Animal 2. Plant 3. Bacteria |
Unicellular | one cell |
Multicellular | more than one cell |
Cell Specialization | ability to turn genes on and off |
Cell Size | only seen under microscope |
Parts of Plant Cell | Mitocondria, Cytoplasm, Rough and Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulem, Nucleous, Nuceolus, Nuclear Envolope, Cell Wall, Ribosomes, Golgi Apparatus, Peroxisome, Plasma Membrane, Chloroplast, and Vacuole. |
Scientific Method: Step 1 | Make an Observation |
Scientific Method: Step 2 | Research |
Scientific Method: Step 3 | Hypothesis |
Scientific Method: Step 4 | Experiment |
Scientific Method: Step 5 | Conclusion |
Control | Used for comparision, not being tested |
Variable | Athing in the experiment |
Independent Variable | Scientist changes it |
Dependent Variable | changes based on independent variable |
Basic Organisms Characteristics | 1.Made of cells 2. Requires Energy 3. Reproduce 4. Maintain Homeostasis 5.Organized 6.Respond to Enviroment 7. Grow and Develop 8. Exchange |
Levels of Organization: Living | 1.Cell 2. Tissue 3. Organ 4. Organ System 5. Organisim |
Levels of Organization: Non-Living | 1.Atom 2.Molecule 3.Organelle |
Mass | all the stuff an object contains |
Volume | LengthxWidthxHeight |
Meter | 100 cm, 1000 mm |
Metric Chart | Kilo, Hecto, Deca, Deci, Centi, Milli |
Lynn Margulis | Organelles have DNA. some organelles were once free |
Rudolph Virchow | All cells come from pre-existing cells. First to see cells dividing |
Theodore Schwann | Animals have cell. Co-FOunder of the cell theory. |
Matthias Schleiden | Plants have cells. Co-Founder of the cell theory |
Anton Van Leeuwenhoek | first to observe a living organism |
Robert Hooke | First to see cells. looked at cork. saw dead play cell walls |
Cholorplast | Photosenthesis |
Nucleous | Control center for cell. Contains DNA. |
Ribosomes | Make protein |
Endoplasmic reticulem | Smooth: Makes membrane Rough: Works on protein |
Golgi Apparatus | Finishes, labels, ships, and sorts protein |
Cell Wall | Supports and protects cell |
Cytoplasm | Medium for chemical reactions to take place |
Cell Membrane | Seperates Cell &outside. controls what enters and leaves cell |
Vasuoles | move material around cell storage |
Lysosomes | Digest, clean up and recycle |
Mitocondria | Make ATP for cellular resperation |
Prokaryotic | Simple.Reproduce Quickly. no nucleous. No Membrane bound organellles. Ribosomes in cytoplasm. DNA in nucleoid region. cell wall. |
Flagella | Tail used for movement |
Eukaryotic | Has nucleous. Has organelles. large and complex. Single or mulitcellular. |
The Code of Life | Chromosones in a specific order the the bases occur.
ATCGTATGCGG |
Nitrogenous Bases | 2 Types- Purines and Pyrimidenes. |
Purines | Adenine ans Guanine
Double ring bases. 2 rings of carbon. |
Pyrimidines | Thymine and Cytosine
single bases. 1 ring of carbon and nitrogen atoms |
DNA Double Heleix | Rungs of ladder-Nitrogenous Bases.
Legs of ladder- Phosphate and deoxyriboes |
Genes | genetic material the codes for a specific trait.
located on chromosomes. |
DNA | Deoxyribonucleic Acid. Made or repeating molecules. Called the blueprint of life. Instructions for making proteins. in nucleous. |
Genetic Diversity | different arangments of nuclotides in acid (DNA). provides key to diversity. |
Chromosomes | made of DNA |
1 DNA strand | backbone of molecule is alternation phosphates,Ribose, and Nitrogeneous Bases |
Hydrogen Bonds | bases attract because of these. 1 is weak but there are about 1 million in a DNA strand |
Amino Acids | 20 types. those form thousands of proteins |
Proteins | large. made of chains of amino acids,. folding Amino Acid is critical for function |
Triplet Code | 3 nucleotides form a triplet of codon, codes a specific amino acid |
Fredrick Griffith | discovered deadly bacteria can change harmless bacteria into deadly ones. |
Rosalind Franklin | x-ray photo of DNA |
Watson and Crick | looked at Franklin's DNA x-ray. Purposed that DNA had a specific pairing between nitrogenous bases:
Adenine--Thymine
Cytosine--Guanine
DNA made of two strands |
Chargaff's Rule | Stated that Adenine and Thymine must pair. Cytosine and Guanine must pair. they must pair equally. |
Enzymes | Digestion. Speed up chemical reactions. reused. made in Liver and Pancreus |
Stucture | Lock and Key method. specific enzymes breakdown specific foods. |
Factors that affect enzyme activity | 1.pH. 2.Temperature. 3.other substances (can be anything) optimal tem. 37C |
4 types: Digestive Enzymes | Amylase
Lipase
Pepsin
Trypsin |
Amylase | In Saliva. Breaks down starch |
Lipase | in Pancreas. breaks down Lipids (fats) |
Pepsin | In Stomach. Breaks down proteins |
Trypsin | In small intestine. breaks down protein |
Catalysts | lower activation energy of reaction |
Catslase | breaks down hydrogen proxide |
Lactase | breaks down milk |
Protease | breaks down proteins |
Lipase | breaks down lipids (fats) |
How enzymes work? | substrates bind to active sites |